Where there are reserves and national parks. What is a nature reserve and national parks? General characteristics and distinctive features

>>> National parks and reserves

National parks are wonderful protected areas. Thousands of people enjoy the beauty and diversity of their natural resources. Many nature lovers from all over the world are happy to hide here from the bustle of the city, to get acquainted with the history and culture, the peculiarities of the local flora and fauna. Rest in national parks, like a healing balm, will help a weary soul to recuperate. World amazing beauty teaches respect for the environment.
Welcome to National parks Central Federal District!

"Smolensk Poozerye"

This park of about 146.3 thousand hectares is located in the northwestern part on the territory of Demidovsky and Dukhovshchinsky administrative regions. The park was founded in 1992.
In that beautiful region blue lakes over 30 large and small lakes connected by channels Chistik, Sapsho, Big and Small Strechnoe, Round, Long, Deep, Baklanovskoye, Dgo, and others each of which is unique in its own way.
The relief here is uneven with high hilly ridges cut through by river valleys. There are moraine and slightly undulating plains, there are also flat lacustrine-glacial lowlands with reservoirs, meadows or swamps. The height of some moraines reaches 2530 m and even 40 m, as, for example, between lakes Chistik and Rytoye, south and west of Lake Baklanovsky, near Lake. Sapsho.
In the park you can find "grassy rivers" raised bogs overgrown with sphagnum mosses. Vervizhsky, Pelyshev and Lopatinsky mosses abound with berries. In the center of the Vervizhsky moss, one of the largest peat bogs, there are lakes oz. Vervizhskoye, oz. Paltsevskoye and lake. White.
The flora of the "Smolensk Poozerie" is surprisingly diverse: about 887 species of higher vascular plants grow here, of which 65 are listed in the Red Book Smolensk region, and 10 in the Red Book of Russia.
The park is very beautiful, and civilization has practically not touched it. There are areas of primary spruce-oak forests, with an abundance of common oxalis, that have never been cut down.
Glittering lakes, forests of spruce, pine, oak, ash and maple, fresh green meadows are a wonderful habitat for 57 species of mammals, 10 amphibians, 5 reptiles, 33 fish and 221 birds. The park abounds with all kinds of animals: a wolf, a fox, a weasel, an ermine, a brown bear, a lynx, an elk, a flying squirrel are found here. Rare, protected species of birds also settled in the park. Among them are the black stork, short-toed eagle, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, ospreys, greater and lesser spotted eagles and many others.
Visitors will be interested historical monuments preserved in the park. These are monuments of the Stone Age (remains of settlements, for example, "a settlement near the village of Mochura"), and the Iron Age (fortifications), and the early Middle Ages (settlements, settlements, barrow groups). Guests who like to see the sights of the XVIIIXIX centuries will visit the "Holy Well", the Church of the Ascension in the village of Przhevalskoye, the remains of the church in the village. Glaskovo and palace and park complex in the village of Pokrovskoye, as well as the house-museum of the great Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. For lovers of history, memorial landscapes of past wars located in the park, especially the last World War, occupying a significant area within the park, will be of particular interest. Entire trench towns have been preserved on the tops of the esker ridges, in areas where the fortification systems of the Soviet and German armies were located opposite each other.

"Meshchera"

We invite you to the national park, located in the southeastern part of the Gus-Khrustalny region, in the Shilovsky-Vladimir trough, in the center of the Meshcherskaya lowland, which is located on the Russian platform. This park with an area of ​​118.7 thousand hectares covers the basin of the river. Buzha, a tributary of the river. Pra, in the central Meshchera and adjoins the Meshchersky National Park in the south, constituting a single territory with it.
The land of emerald swamps and lakes, quiet and unhurried rivers with beaver settlements, amber pine forests filled with capercaillie lekking, light birch and aspen forests with brown shadows of unhurried elks. Lots of people from different places have been enjoying the beauty and splendor of the Meshchera National Park since it was founded in 1992 in order to preserve untouched corners Meshcherskaya lowland, for the protection of the lake-river system (Buzha Spas-Klepikovskiye lakes Pra).
It is the land of many graceful small lakes. Lakes Isihra and Svetloye are natural monuments as unique water bodies. Lake Holy favorite place recreation local population. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish. In this lake and river region there are about 30 species of fish such as ide, bream, roach, crucian carp, perch, pike perch, sterlet, catfish, pike, ruff.
The relief of the park is flat, covered with forests of pine and spruce. Terraces and river valleys, ravines are covered with oak forests, sometimes with sycamore maple. Forests cover 73% of the park. Heath sedge, round-leaved bell, May lily of the valley, cuckoo flax, fragrant kupena bring an extraordinary variety to the green palette of the forest.
Another one unique feature"Meshchery" is that there are all three types of swamps: lowland, transitional and upland. Rare groups of plants are associated with them.
The fauna of the park is exceptionally rich and includes 50 species of mammals, 170 nesting bird species, 5 reptile species and 10 amphibian species. Forests and swamps provide a habitat for an incredible variety of birds and animals. Wolf, brown bear, raccoon dog, fox, American mink, polecat, ermine, weasel pine marten, white hare live in forests. Squirrels and beavers will delight you. Cautious boars and leisurely elk giants take refuge in the park. Russian muskrat included in the Red Book Russian Federation, is under special protection of the park. Among numerous species of birds, rare species also live in the park: black-throated diver, white stork, gray heron, bittern, gray goose, wigeon, spotted eagle, red-footed falcon, common kestrel, white and gray partridge, gray crane, herbalist, marshmallow, great godwit, Curlew, Eagle Owl, Long-eared Owl, Upland Owl and Passerine Owl, Hoopoe, Yellow Woodpecker, Three-Toed Woodpecker, Nutcracker.
Architectural monuments are preserved here. You can visit the Trinity Church (1812 1825) in the village of Erleks, the Ilyinsky Church (beginning of the 19th century) in the village of Palishchi, the Exaltation Church (19th century) in the village of Parma. Charming houses of old settlements (Talnovo, Tyurvishchi, Shestimirovo, Mokroe, Miltsevo, etc.), their elegance and extraordinary beauty, streets with interesting planning features (Tyurvishchi, Palishchi, etc.) create a completely different era in the park fabulous atmosphere. There are also examples of industrial architecture the old building of the Urshelsky glass factory with the streets adjacent to it, where wooden houses were built about 100 years ago. One of the testimonies of history is the ancient tract RyazanVladimir (“Ryazanka”), sections of which have survived to this day.
The amazing nature of the Meshchersky region served as an inspiration for S. Yesenin and K. Paustovsky, he wrote his beautiful scenery artist I. Levitan. Cultural and historical sights include places associated with the name famous writer, Nobel Prize winner A. Solzhenitsyn, who lived and worked in these places. In Gus-Khrustalny you can visit the Crystal Museum.

"Meshchersky"

Welcome to the national park located in the north. The park was founded in 1922 with the aim of protecting and studying the natural, historical and cultural complexes of the Meshchera region. The area of ​​the park is 103 thousand hectares. "Meshchersky" covers the basin of the Spas-Klepikovsky lakes and the river. Pra., in the north it borders on the Meshchera National Park. This area, in particular the floodplain of the Pra River, winding through the thicket of the Meshchera forest, is included in the list of wetlands. international importance.
This is the land of emerald swamps and lakes, quiet and leisurely rivers. The main river of the park is the river Pra. There are many lakes in Meshchersky - more than 30. In the northwestern part of the park large lakes Shagara, Velikoye, Ivanovskoye, Sokorevo, Chebukino and Martynov are connected to each other. During the flood period, these lakes practically merge into one large body of water. Lakes Komgar, Negar and Dubove are graceful, closed, surrounded by upland and transitional swamps, pine forests. They are taken under special protection of the park. There are also karst lakes: Seleznevskoye and Beloe up to 60m deep. "Meshchersky" lakes are beautiful and picturesque, many of which are natural monuments and unique water objects, attract many vacationers.
The beauty of the nature of the park is visible even in the unique swamps. Lowland forested swamps in the basin of the Spas-Klepikovskiye Lakes (Small toad swamp, Pyshnitsa swamp, Prudkovskaya backwater - the bay of Lake Velikoye) are under special protection of the park. Wetlands are ecological treasures, natural filters for removing dirt and poisonous substances from rivers and streams and underground aquifers, their contribution to healing environment invaluable. In swamps and wetlands covered with moss and sedge, sundews, calla, wild rosemary and cotton grass grow, and there are lonely birch trees. Whooper swan, gray crane, great grebe, great anemone, curlew and other rare birds have chosen these places as their home.
The relief of the park is flat with sand dunes and marshy lowlands.
The forests of the park are coniferous, mixed and small-leaved. The forest-forming species is pine. Places of old cuttings and fires are covered with birches, aspens and pines, spruce is less common. Rare and endangered species of plants such as the slenderest naiad, bristly mullet, water chestnut, floating salvinia add variety to the green palette of the forest. The floodplain of the river Pra is covered with willows, and forests of aspen and alder. The unique and diverse flora of the Pra river floodplain and valley are under special protection of the reserve.
The vegetation of the park is rich and varied: 32 species of mushrooms, 9 species of mosses, 4 species of lycopsids, 11 species of ferns, 3 species of gymnosperms, 720 species of angiosperms grow here.
The fauna of the park is represented by 48 species of mammals, 166 species of birds, 6 species of reptiles, 10 species of amphibians and 30 species of fish. Here, on a unique island of Russian nature, bear, wolf, pine marten, fox, raccoon dog, ermine, weasel and badger live. Otter and European mink are found along the banks. Moose and wild boars are common, roe deer and lynx come in. Lots of white hares and squirrels. Even more numerous inhabitants of the reserve are birds. This is capercaillie, and black grouse, and hazel grouse and many others. Frequent guests are migratory birds, like geese (white-fronted, gray, goose). They stop at lakes before continuing their journey. Diving ducks inhabit lakes during flights. Common crane, black stork, several species of ducks - goldeneye, crested duck, red-headed pochard, shoveler, pintail, mallard build their nests in the park and raise their chicks.
Quiet rivers and overgrown lakes, pine forests and birch groves, forests to the very horizon and sandy beaches delight is prepared from white quartz sand.
Russia is rich in its religious traditions. Its magnificent cathedrals, built centuries ago, are among the most famous in the Christian world. Church of the Renovation (village of Ershovo, 1868), Church of the Intercession (village of Selezneve, 19031910), Church of the Assumption (village of Struzhany, 1910), Church of the Transfiguration (village of Spas-Klepiki, 1860) .) significant architectural monuments decorating the park.
There are also over 50 archeological monuments in the park, testifying to centuries of history Russia. These are, for example, the sites of an ancient man.
This forest region has long attracted artists and writers, nature lovers and quiet rest its lakes and rivers, churches.
You love leisure? Then you will be offered water routes:
  • Down the river Pra "SpasKlepikiBrykin Bor" (length 100 km);
  • “Along the Klepikovsky Lake Ring” (length 50 km).
AND hiking route “Along the path of Paustovsky” through wild and beautiful pine forests you will go through the Meshchera villages in the floodplain of the river Pra.

"Orlovskoe Polissya"

Welcome to the national park, located in the northwest, on the territory of the Khotynets and Znamensky districts, with a central estate in the village of Zhudre. "Orlovskoye Polissya" is located in the central part of the Central Russian Upland, in the basin of the river. Vytebet, into which small forest rivers flow (Lisitsa, Shkovka, Radovishche and others), with winding and asymmetric river valleys. The park was founded in 1994 with the aim of preserving rare Oryol region species of plants and animals that form a unique community of the South Russian taiga.
Which amazing place! Fresh air filled with the fragrance of forests and the singing of birds, springs and calm, clear lakes. There are more than 70 springs in the park, among which the most beautiful and popular among visitors is the "Holy Spring" near the village of Staroe. There are more than 80 artificial reservoirs. Many of them have an abundance of fish. The park administration will issue you a permit for recreational fishing or hunting.
The beauty of the nature of the park is visible even in the unique peat bogs covered with lush moisture-loving vegetation. Here you can see wild rosemary, red rose, sundew, cotton grass, blueberries, cranberries, and several types of sphagnum moss. Wetlands are ecological treasures, natural filters for removing dirt and poisonous substances from rivers and streams and underground aquifers, their contribution to the improvement of the environment is invaluable.
The relief of the park is an elevated, hilly plain, indented by river valleys and numerous ravines and gullies.
Since this wonderful park is located at the junction of two climatic zones - broad-leaved forests and forest-steppe, the vegetation here is unusually rich and diverse: 860 plant species, of which 173 species are rare and endangered. Northern forests and forest-steppes give originality local flora and fauna. In the dense mixed forest grow many beautiful trees such as Scotch pine, European spruce, English oak, birch, linden, aspen, maple, sycamore, common ash and sticky alder. Green moss spruce forests, long-moss forests, lime forests and oak forests are adjacent to each other in the park.
The fauna of the park is represented by 203 species of vertebrates. Red deer, elk, lynx, roe deer, wild boar and bison live here. River banks have become a haven for river otters and minks, muskrats, desmans and beavers. In that wonderful land capercaillie, hazel grouse, black woodpecker are found together with the steppe polecat, gray partridge and quail.
Here you have the opportunity to admire the unique aviary zoo, which is inhabited by representatives of the animal world, both from Russia and from abroad. Zoos have a huge task ahead of them. Restore rare species of animals, such as bison, in their natural habitat.
Echoes of the past can be found in Orlovsky Polissya. Many archeological monuments have been discovered here - evidence of the centuries-old culture of Russia. Let's take, for example, the Fortified settlement fortified settlement near the village of Radovishche, located to the left of the road to the village of Zhudro in the Kudeyarova Gora tract. They say it's ancient monument archeology in the area. It was founded in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. during the early Iron Age. In the floodplain of Vytebet near the village of Bulatovo, a nest of three settlements of the tribes of the Pochep culture was found. The settlement in Khotiml-Kuzmenkovo ​​(XIXII centuries) is a monument of federal significance.
“Of all ... the circumstances that a person had to face, nothing caused so much anxiety and fear as death ... Therefore, it is not surprising that the veneration of the dead took central location and has played an important role in human society since its inception." Near the village of Alisovo there is a burial mound of the Moshchin population. Burial mound (XIXII centuries) near the village of Radovishche the burial place of the Vyatichi Khotynets region.
Visit Literary and Local Lore Museum in the village of Ilyinskoye, which contains a wonderful collection of items of peasant life of the late XIX n.XX centuries.
Cathedrals and churches have become the dominant feature of many cities of the Christian world. In the eyes of believers, these majestic buildings are a clear evidence of faith in God. Even many atheists appreciate them as cultural monuments and magnificent examples of architecture. In Polissya there is also the Lgovskaya Church of the Life-Giving Holy Trinity, built in 1765.
"Orlovskoe Polissya" land of epics and traditions. In the village of Nine Oaks, in the southwestern part of the park, according to legend, the Nightingale the Robber lived, and the epic hero Ilya Muromets fought with him.
"Orlovskoye Polissya" a paradise for tourists, here you can feel ancient history, and beautiful unique nature and a future full of hope.

"Pereslavsky"

Visit the natural and historical national park located in, in the central part of the Russian Plain, in the basin Upper Volga founded in 1988. This park covers an area of ​​22.9 thousand hectares and includes Lake Pleshcheyevo with the river. Trubezh, Pereslavl-Zalessky with numerous historical and cultural monuments of the XII-XIX centuries.
In 1998, Pereslavsky Park was renamed into Lake Pleshcheyevo National Park.
These places, covered with forests and swamps, are ranked among the most interesting natural complexes in Europe. Since the boundary of the subzones of the southern taiga and mixed forests passes through the park, the forests, which occupy 48% of the park's area, are small-leaved (from aspen and birch) and dark coniferous (from spruce and pine). You can meet linden, maple, ash, alder. 1% of the territory is covered with oak forests. Here passes northern border range of pedunculate oak.
The vegetation of the park is rich and diverse: more than 790 species of plants grow here, of which 84 species are extremely rare, 7 species are listed in the Red Book. What an incredible variety!
The fauna of the park is represented by 60 species of mammals, 210 birds, 16 fish. Under the special protection of the park are deer deer, desman, roe deer, flying squirrel, baby shrew. Among the numerous birds of the park there are also rare ones, such as the gray heron, gray goose, whooper swan and gray crane.
On the territory of the park there are 7 natural monuments, 8 archaeological monuments, 22 historical and 94 architectural monuments, and places of interest associated with the names of Yuri Dolgoruky the founder of the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky, the Holy Blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky, Peter I, Ivan the Terrible and other great personalities in history Russian state.
Let's get to know some of monuments of nature and history.
Lake Pleshcheyevo — unique lake glacial origin, feeding on underground springs, majestic and wayward, the birthplace of the Russian fleet. At the end of the XVII century. the “amusing” training flotilla of Peter I was built here. Museum-Estate "Botik" the boat “Fortune” is kept, according to legend, built by the king himself; many authentic items of that time have been preserved. In the summer people go fishing, sunbathing, boating, kayaking, surfing, scuba diving on the lake. The water in the lake is very clean, it is not without reason that capricious vendace lives here, “royal herring”, a relict fish of the salmon family. For excellent taste, they delivered it to the royal and patriarchal tables.
Connoisseurs of history and culture go to the national park, pilgrims bow to holy places. The necklace of ancient monasteries surrounds Pereslavl. Now active are the men's Nikitsky (XVIXIX centuries) and Trinity Danilov (XVIXIX centuries) monasteries and the female St. Nicholas Monastery (XVIIIXIX centuries), as well as five parish churches. You can also see the Fedorovsky Monastery (XVIXIX centuries) and the Assumption Goritsky Monastery (XVIXVIII centuries). Significant monuments of temple architecture are churches XIIXVIII centuries:
  • Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral, XII century;
  • Church of Peter the Metropolitan, XVI century;
  • Church of Simeon the Stylite, XVIII century;
  • Vladimirskaya Cathedral Mother of God, XVIII century;
  • Church of Alexander Nevsky, XVIII century,
  • Church of the Sretenskaya, XVIII century;
  • Soroksvyatskaya church, XVIII century;
  • Chernihiv chapel, XVIII century;
  • Church of the Intercession, 18th century
Tourists go to the famous healing springs who is the disease, who washes away the trouble. One of these sources is the Holy Spring of the Icon of the Great Martyr Barbara "Varvara Spring".
You should visit dendrological garden them. S.F. Kharitonov. Over 600 different types of plants are acclimatized here. Far East, Japan, China, North America, Central Asia, Crimea and Caucasus. The beauty, grandiosity and splendor of this collection will not leave anyone indifferent. Walking through the garden allows you to take a trip to all the continents of the world.
The amazing beauty of the Zalessky region served as a source of inspiration for the Russian writer M. M. Prishvin. More than 20 years of creativity M. M. Prishvin associated with the Zalessky region. Here is the house where he lived.
You can still list the sights of the national park for a long time - these are estates, and residential buildings, and earthen ramparts of the 12th century, and Neolithic sites, and monuments associated with the pagan past of our ancestors and forests planted many, many years ago. On Pereslavl land one can imagine almost the entire history of the Russian state. All this leaves a special feeling in the heart.
Come look at historical and cultural the pearl of Russia Pleshcheyevo Lake National Park. You will be greeted by fragrant meadows, resinous fragrant pines, fresh clean air, mushrooms of all kinds and sizes in the forest, cool humidity of blueberries, stuffy-sweet raspberry heat, and icy springs.

"Moose Island"

Welcome to the national park located in the northeast of Moscow, founded in 1983 with the aim of preserving the unique natural complex for the Moscow region, which has a special ecological, historical, as well as great environmental value, and using it for scientific, educational and recreational purposes.
Losiny Ostrov is the first national park in Russia. The park, located 15 kilometers from the city center of Moscow, real paradise for vacationers. One of the most interesting forests near Moscow, it fosters respect for the environment and contributes to the development cultural recreation.
His total area 11 thousand hectares, of which 83% are forests, 5% are swamps, 2% are reservoirs.
The territory of the park is divided into three zones:
  • area closed to the public. Natural complexes in this zone are under special protection of the zoo. Here large mammals find shelter and birds nest;
  • excursion area. Accompanied by a guide, you will be guided along ecological routes and shown all the natural attractions of the park;
  • public recreation area.
On the map, "Elk Island" looks like a green "button", an island, against the background huge city. This wonderful island is distinguished by its great natural diversity and mosaic distribution of plant communities.
The vegetation of the park is rich and varied: more than 600 species of higher plants, 36 species of lichens, about 90 species of fungi, and about 150 species of algae grow here. What an extraordinary variety in such a small area!
The forests growing in the central part of the park are mixed spruce-linden and spruce-birch. Fragrant pine forests, spruce forests, birch forests, interspersed with each other, make up a colorful mosaic of the landscape of the eastern part of the park. Alekseevskaya grove makes an indelible impression, where you can admire pine forests 150 180 years old. In the city part of the park there is a birch grove.
Of particular value is the Verkhne-Yauza wetland complex, which occupies about 500 hectares, with channels, shallow waters, thickets of reeds and cattails, and a raised bog. A picturesque carpet of meadows borders the Yauza swamps with a broken strip. These places are the most important resting place for migratory birds. This is an area where beautiful species of waterfowl and near-water birds, such as gray-cheeked grebe, great grebe, great and little bittern, gray heron, ducks, etc., breed their chicks.
The fauna of the reserve is represented by 45 species of mammals, 185 of birds (including 125 of nesting birds), 4 of reptiles, 8 of amphibians, 19 of fish. The park is home to fox, weasel, European mink, ermine, black polecat, elk, spotted deer, wild boar, hare and hare, and others. Muskrat and river beaver are found in the reservoirs.
And here are some natural attractions parka:
  • Alekseevskaya grove, 180 200 years old in the southeastern part of the Alekseevskiy forest park, with an area of ​​103 hectares;
  • conifers along Kholudeevka plantations with a predominance of 200 220-year-old spruce along the old road;
  • the most beautiful linden forest in the south of the Yauza forest park;
  • "Oak Grove" the remnant of the oak forest of the "Vedeneevsky Forest" in the Losinopogonny Forest Park. Oaks are over 230 years old;
  • tract "Grivka" in the Moscow part Elk Island Losinoostrovsky forest park. The pines here are 180 200 years old;
  • ancient plantations along the ancient Khomutovsky tract 150 180-year-old pines and spruces in the Losinopogonny and Alekseevsky forest parks.
Here is a whole world, an original world, a real paradise natural and beautiful.

reserves

Do you like to watch animals in nature, then you will be interested to know what is on the territory Central region there are many nature reserves:

"Voronezh"

The reserve is located on the border and regions, within the Oka-Don Plain, on the terraces of the Voronezh River. Not rich in forests Voronezh region. However, there is a forest in it that attracts nature lovers from all over Russia. This is Usmansky Bor. In the northern part of it is the Voronezh Reserve, whose history is inextricably linked with the history of the restoration of the river beaver. A museum of nature is open for visitors and an experimental beaver nursery is open.

"Darwin"

The reserve is located on the coast Rybinsk reservoir, at the junction, and regions and occupies the tip of the peninsula, deeply protruding from the northwest to the southeast into the water area of ​​​​the Rybinsk reservoir. The forest-rich Darwin Reserve was founded in 1945 to preserve the unique nature of the Mologo-Sheksna interfluve and to study the influence of the Rybinsk Reservoir on all elements of the natural complex.

Oksky

It is located in the central part of the European territory of Russia, in, in the southeastern part of the Meshchera lowland, in downstream river Pra. Pine, spruce forests, oak forests and floodplain meadows form the basis of the ecosystems of the reserve. Numerous bird lovers and naturalists come here to observe all kinds of birds, animals and plants that have found refuge in the reserve. An ornithological station has been established here. This is a real paradise for those who love cranes. You will see real cranes - white, black and Japanese.

"Prioksko-Terrasny"

In the southern part, on the left gentle slope of the Oka River valley, 12 km from the city of Serpukhov, there is Prioksko-Terrasny biosphere reserve with an area of ​​4.9 thousand hectares. There is something Russian, epic in this corner of nature. Covered with pine forests mixed with birch, spruce, oak and linden, the reserve has a completely wild look that seems to be somewhere in the remote taiga. There are many amazing and interesting things in this reserved corner of the earth. To begin with, out of 1100 plant species found in the Moscow region, more than 800 grow here. There are also small sphagnum bogs with typical northern species - sundew, cranberry, reindeer moss and areas with steppe vegetation - feather grass, fescue, steppe tulip. The bison lives here, a rare animal that is on the verge of extinction.

"Bryansk forest"

Founded in 1987, the Bryansk Forest Reserve is located in the south, between the Nerussa and Desna rivers.

"Galichya Mountain"

In, 45 km from Lipetsk, there is a nature reserve "Galichya Gora". The picturesque slopes of the Don River valley, upland oak forests, linden forests, birch forests and pine forests coexist with rocky steppe, rocky vegetation on limestone outcrops, steppes covered with a real carpet of colorful flowers - this spectacular sight attracts tourists from all over the country.

"Central Forest"

You are expected in the reserve located in the southwestern part, 30 km from the town of Nelidov. Founded in 1931 in order to preserve and study the natural complex spruce forests and raised sphagnum bogs of the forest zone of the European part of the USSR. The area of ​​the reserve is 42.3 thousand hectares.
The Central Forest Reserve is located on the watershed of the two largest rivers in the European part of the Volga and the Western Dvina. Numerous streams and rivers originate in the reserve. The rivers Mezha (a tributary of the Western Dvina), Tyudma and Zhukopa (tributaries of the Volga) are the most major rivers reserve.
Relief calm, quiet.
Forests reserve coniferous-broad-leaved, but the forest-forming species is spruce. reserved forest Truly the kingdom of oil. Even its relative, pine, spruce has forced out into open swamps, where it itself cannot grow. Narrow strips of pine forests are occasionally found on watersheds. IN spruce forests you can find maple, linden, elm, less often - elm and ash, very rarely - oak is found. Black alder grows in river floodplains. Places of old cuttings and fires are covered with birches and aspens.
The beauty of the nature of the reserve is visible even in the unique swamps covered with a continuous carpet of sphagnum. Here, rare Christmas trees are hung with strands of lichens. Bushes of willow and small birches huddle on bumps. Sphagnum bogs occupy 18% of the territory, the largest of them are Katin moss and Staroselsky moss. Wetlands are ecological treasures, natural filters for removing dirt and poisonous substances from rivers and streams and underground aquifers, their contribution to the improvement of the environment is invaluable.
We want to talk about forest treats about berries. Diverse in color and taste, the berries will decorate and enliven any dish. Plus they are very helpful. Berries have a rich color, pleasant aroma and contain many vitamins and minerals. They contain fiber, which normalizes blood sugar and lowers cholesterol levels. Walking in the forest is a special pleasure. You feel peace and tranquility, the air is clean and fresh. The forest restores moral strength. And how much joy he gives to children! And what a pleasure it is to get a stored jar of jam in the cold winter and resurrect the fine summer days in your memory! In the "Central Forest Reserve" you can pick berries. In the open areas of the swamp, on small moss tussocks, red cranberries seem to be scattered. Crowberries and cloudberries grow in swamps next to cranberries. A narrow strip where the forest turns into a swamp, the best place for blueberries, blueberries and lingonberries. Here their harvests are plentiful and constant. In the deciduous forests there are strawberries and stone berries, wild roses and viburnum. On clearings or windblows there are impenetrable thickets of raspberries, a lot of mountain ash grows. In late autumn and early winter, large clusters of its berries look very beautiful against the backdrop of a snowy forest. Birds and animals are very fond of rowan berries, which are even tastier from frost. The bear breaks the whole tree and swallows the berries without chewing. Thrushes also swallow the berries whole, but the waxwing flying from the north eats only the pulp with the skin, and throws the seeds to the ground. The bullfinch is a seed lover, but he is not interested in the juicy pulp.
Vegetation The reserve is rich and diverse: more than 500 species of higher plants grow here. Dense thickets of huge ferns grow along the streams, called ostrich feather or black root, the openwork leaves of which form beautiful deep rosettes. In thickets of gray alder and in wet clearings grows aconite, or wrestler, a poisonous plant with large rugged leaves and tall blue inflorescences. It comes across untouchable interesting topics that its seeds ripen in boxes that crack at the slightest touch and scatter seeds in all directions with extraordinary force. On the banks of streams and rivers, fragrant flowers of the perennial moonweed are visible. There are many plants in the reserve - honey plants. The best of them are willows, white clover, raspberries, Ivan tea, snowdrops.
And among this beauty live a bear, a lynx, a wolf, a marten, a fox, a polecat, a mink, an ermine, a weasel, and an otter along the banks of streams. Moose are common, there are wild boars, roe deer come in. Lots of rabbits and squirrels. A flying squirrel lives in the hollows of old trees, beavers built their huts along the rivers Tyudma and Mezha.
Even more numerous inhabitants of the reserve are birds. There are more than 150 types of them here. This is the capercaillie, and the black grouse, and the hazel grouse, and the white partridge.
The reserve is teeming with life. During the daytime, birds and butterflies give the forest life and color. Most striking are the swallowtails with their luminous black and green wings and uneven flight. There are many other butterflies here, such as the peacock eye, various types of checkers, mother-of-pearl, jaundices, pigeons and others.
The beauty of the reserve and the amazing diversity of wildlife attract visitors here. Undoubtedly, many nature lovers are happy to hide here from the bustle of the city, and in the silence of the forest, the singing of birds and the scent of flowers. They find a healing balm for a weary soul.

"Khopersky"

The reserve is located in the eastern part. Its territory stretches like a winding ribbon along the banks of Khopra. Marvelous beautiful view opens in summer to the reserve from the high right bank of the Khopra River. Below, floodplain forests grow green, stretching for 50 km in a narrow strip along the river. Among the forests, like scattered mirrors, lakes of various shapes sparkle in the sun, and the silvery ribbon of the river whirls intricately. Floodplain and upland oak forests with ash, unique 7090-year-old black alder forests, aspen and elm forests, and along the slopes of the valleys, in elevated places, 100-year-old pines form the forests of the reserve. This is the only place in the European part of Russia where the rich nature of the floodplain of the forest-steppe river has been preserved.

All objects of visit within ecological tourism can be classified as follows:

Scientific reserve - a protected area used for strictly scientific purposes;

National park - a protected area for the protection of outstanding natural and landscape objects and ecosystems of national or international importance for the purposes of science, education and recreation;

Monument of nature - a natural or man-made cultural and historical landmark;

Reserve of wild animals (zakaznik) - is created to preserve the population of individual species of animals, groups of biological communities;

Protected landscape - allocated for the conservation of natural landscapes;

Resource reserve - created for the purpose of conservation natural resources;

Anthropological reserve (natural biotic territory) - created to preserve the natural living conditions and traditions of the tribes and the local population;

Managed resource area - is created for the purposes of sustainable development and reproduction of natural resources.

In the vast majority of cases, the object of ecological tourism are national parks, reserves and reservations. national park is a tourist area or water area with unique natural objects(waterfalls, canyons, picturesque landscapes, islands, caves, etc.). In some cases, a national park is an analogue of a nature reserve, from which it fundamentally differs in the admission of visitors for recreation.

National park is relative large area or a territory that is characterized by the following features:

1) one or more ecosystems have not been significantly altered by human intervention or economic activity;

2) vegetable and animal world differs in features, and the territory itself is of scientific interest and is subject to conservation and study;

3) local natural landscapes distinguished by the beauty of nature;

4) the competent and authorized authority of the country has taken appropriate steps to prohibit and restrict the economic development of the territory in order to preserve its ecological, geomorphological or aesthetic features;

5) visiting is allowed only for cognitive, scientific, educational and cultural purposes.

The world's first national park - Yellowstone - was created in 1872 in the United States. The initiator of the creation national parks Canada also came forward. In 1885, on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in an area of ​​26 square meters. km, a national park was created. In 1948, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) was created. The main goals of the Union are the planning of the development and protection of the territories of the animal and flora, conducting scientific, research and cultural activities. In 1958, this organization recommended that the UN monitor the problem of creating and maintaining national parks. In 1962, the International Conference on National Parks was held, in which representatives of more than 70 states took part. In 1972, the UN and UNESCO member states adopted the Second World Convention on National Parks. In accordance with this convention, in all national parks economic activity of a person is significantly limited and comes down either to the organization of tourism, or to the minimum maintenance natural conditions, regulation of the number of animals. Landscapes and unique nature, flora and fauna are in their natural state and are protected from human interference. The creation of national parks in Africa is especially important. Already in the twentieth century. a number of governments African States National parks and reserves have been created that serve as museums and wildlife laboratories. Among the largest parks of Zaire should be noted: Salonga Upemba, Maiko, Virunga. Zambia has established the Kafue Park, which has a large number of hippos and black rhinos. In 1949, the Hwange National Park was established in Zimbabwe. The Serengeti National Park in Tanzania has gained worldwide fame. In the central part of Kenya, the Aberdare and Kruger national parks have been created, and where representatives of the five largest species of African animals live in natural conditions. Japan pays great attention to the creation of national parks. Among the huge number of national parks and reserves, the most famous and revered is the national park on Mount Fuji - Fuji‑Hakone‑Izu. Several national parks have been created in India, the most famous of which is Corbett Park in the foothills of the Himalayas, where such rare animals as the tiger and leopard are found. In Sri Lanka, Gal Oya Park is famous, elephants, leopards live here, and the world of rare birds is also represented. Australia has extensive system national parks, of which the most famous is the Gagadu park with a huge crocodile nursery. This park is notable for the only hotel in the world, the building of which is built in the shape of a crocodile. Three parks are known in New Zealand: Tongario, Egmont, Fiord‑land. Great Britain pays great attention to the creation of national parks and reserves. The largest park in British Isles- Caringorn National Nature Reserve in Scotland - covers 26 thousand hectares. The largest park in the Alps was created on the initiative of Italy - Gran Paradiso. In 1969, Germany opened two national parks - Berchtesgaden and Bavarian Forest. In addition to these large parks Germany has approximately 80 nature parks or nature reserves protected by law. IN South America National parks are created to preserve nature in its original form. In 1934, a park was created on Galapagos Islands(Ecuador), home to unique species of turtles and other amphibians. Chile's Easter Island has also been declared a national park. Argentine National Park Nehuel Huapi is located at the foot of the Andes and covers an area of ​​800 thousand hectares. Canaima National Park in Venezuela is famous for the highest waterfall in the world, Angel Falls.

The creation and development of national parks and reserves is the basis for the development of ecological and rural tourism. Usually national parks are established by the highest legislature states. Currently, there are over 1,500 national parks in the world, of which 260 are large, with global importance. They are included in the UN registry. National parks are under the protection of the state or several states, are included in multilateral agreements on the conservation and maintenance of national parks.

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National parks and reserves


1. Introduction

2. Characteristics of national parks

3. The first national parks

4. Goals of creating national parks and reserves

5. Large national parks

6. Conclusion

7. List of used literature

Introduction


National parks are declared territories that include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value and intended for use in environmental protection, educational, scientific, cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.

Travel associated with risk and nature is now the most promising and rapidly developing areas of recreational activity. Many people, especially those from developed countries, are willing to spend significant amounts of money to break away from the civilized world that surrounds them in everyday life. In addition, protected areas are visited by an increasing number of domestic tourists. However, although the desire of tourists to visit untouched natural areas is growing, it is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain protected areas in a satisfactory condition due to growing anthropogenic pressure. There is an urgent need to establish a correspondence between the management of the tourism sector and protected areas.

The nature of our planet is amazingly rich and diverse. The world is full of amazing creations. Where man does not interfere, nature lives and forms according to the perfect laws established by the Creator. But with the advent of civilization, everything changes. Unfortunately, since time immemorial man has killed animals and cut down forests. Over time, people populated almost the entire planet. As a result of human activity, many plants and animals have lost their usual habitats or even disappeared from the face of the Earth. In the twentieth century, environmental pollution has become a real problem for almost the entire planet. Many beaches around the world are strewn with plastic packaging that will lie in this form for several decades. Less noticeable are hazardous industrial wastes, which are usually buried somewhere. But the saying, out of sight, out of mind, is not true in this case. Waste can enter underground water supplies and cause serious harm to human and animal health. “We don't know what to do with all the chemicals produced by modern industry,” admitted a Hungarian scientist from the Budapest Institute of Hydrology. “We can't even keep track of them.”

Tourism and nature can conflict. At the same time, tourism harms the environment and natural resources. Environmentalists are beginning to resist such tourism, through the introduction of bans and restrictions.

The reasons for this, most often, are mismanagement, lack of understanding that the goals of both parties largely coincide, in the absence of the necessary planning and assessment of the consequences in the development of tourism.

Characteristics of national parks


National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental protection, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.

Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located on the territory of national parks are provided for use by parks on the rights provided for by federal laws. Historical and cultural objects put under state protection in accordance with the established procedure are transferred to the use of national parks only upon agreement with the state body for the protection of historical and cultural monuments. In some cases, within the boundaries of parks there may be land plots of other users, as well as owners. National parks have the exclusive right to acquire these lands at the expense of the federal budget and other sources not prohibited by law. These parks are exclusively federal property. Buildings, structures, historical, cultural and other real estate objects are assigned to national parks on the basis of the right of operational management. A specific park operates on the basis of a regulation approved by the state body in charge of which it is located, in agreement with the specially authorized state body of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection. A protected zone with a limited nature management regime is being created around the national park.

Human activity often causes irreparable damage to nature. For example, over the past 40 years, 50 percent of the forests in the Nepalese Himalayas have been cut down, which are used either as fuel or for wood products. Awareness of this fact led to the fact that people began to create protected areas. Even in very ancient times, people cared about the preservation of individual - the most valuable from their point of view - natural sites or objects. For example, it is believed that the first protected area in Sri Lanka was created already in the 3rd century BC. The first mention of the conservation status of the area now known as the Ishkel National Park dates back to the 13th century, when the Hafsid dynasty, then ruling in the Arab Caliphate, banned hunting in the vicinity of the lake. In the Middle Ages in Europe, the nobility took care of maintaining the productivity of their hunting grounds. For this, special areas were allocated where, for the purpose of reproducing game, any hunting was temporarily prohibited, and the punishment for violating the ban was quite severe. Belovezhskaya Pushcha has been known as a protected natural area since the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th centuries, when the Grand Duke Jagiello declared it a protected area.

When introducing the category of national park into the system of protected areas, experts discussed the issue of the possible advantage of any of the functions over others, and the point of view was very common about the dominance of recreational goals and functions in their general set. This understanding brought the national park closer to an ordinary recreation area or to other similar recreational areas. It would mean that the park does not have an independent environmental load and only recreational resources are protected in it. The idea of ​​the park as a recreational institution impoverishes its natural and educational content. In addition, it contradicts the global understanding of the essence of the national park, enshrined in international documents. The interests of nature protection and cognitive recreation in the park are territorially delimited by zoning its territory. The Standard Provision for Russian national parks provides for the allocation of four zones with different modes of use: protected mode, regulated recreational use, visitor service, and economic use. The main burden of educational tourism and sightseeing visits is borne by the zone of regulated recreational use. In it, vacationers move along pre-prepared trails of multi-day tourist or one-day excursion routes. For rest or lodging for the night they stop in specially designated places. The routes are laid out so that the visitor can see all the diversity of the nature of the park and get to know the remarkable places without experiencing unpleasant psychological overload from being close to other vacationers. In the park, a person gets the opportunity to communicate with nature, and a preliminary visit to the information center or a museum of nature, specially published reference books, educational and ecological trails, and sometimes the help of a guide will help him understand it better.

The first national parks


The main goal of national parks is the preservation of natural complexes and objects in combination with the organization of environmental education of the population in the process of direct acquaintance with typical and unique landscapes, plants and animals. As in reserves, they protect the standards of natural complexes and the gene pool of typical and rare organisms. Like nature reserves, these parks protect the resources of the animal and plant world, valuable and unique landscapes or their individual components. But at the same time, the specific tasks of national parks, which distinguish them from other categories of protected lands, are the preservation of unique recreational resources in relatively untouched nature and the creation of conditions for educational tourism and the organization of environmental education.

The first state reserves that protected natural communities appeared in the 16th century. However first national park was discovered only at the end of the 19th century, in the USA. This really high honor was awarded to the unique Yellowstone Plateau, rich in geysers and hot mineral springs, where Yellowstone National Park was opened in 1872. In 1916, the National Park Service was created in the United States. Such US national parks as the Grand Canyon, Jasper, Olympic and others are now well known outside of North America.

Since then, many parks have been opened on all continents. The first national park in Europe was established in 1914 in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland. Then, in 1922, the Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy was opened. The first national park in France was Vanoise, created in 1963. It borders the Italian Gran Paradiso for 14 kilometers. There are seven national parks in France, three of which are located in the Alpine crescent that stretches from France to Austria.

Other national parks are also located in the Alpine crescent: Berchtesgaden in Germany, Hohe Tauern in Austria, Stelvio in Italy and Triglav in Slovenia.

The first state reserve in Russia is considered to be the Barguzinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve. It was established by a decree of the Irkutsk Governor-General in May 1916, and in early 1917 the creation of the Barguzinsky Reserve was formalized by a corresponding government decree.

Before him, only local hunting reserves and private reserves existed in Russia.

There is evidence that the Sayan Reserve began to function somewhat earlier than the Barguzinsky Reserve, however, at that time it was not officially registered.

The goals of creating national parks and reserves


The main purpose of the creation of national parks and reserves is the protection of living organisms, balancing on the verge of extinction. If there were no protected areas, elephants, rhinos, bison and bison would remain only in zoos, and some animals, such as Komodo dragons - giant monitor lizards that live only in Komodo National Park (on the island of the same name), would disappear altogether. However, despite the common name, national parks were created each for its own specific purpose. The purpose of creating Yellowstone National Park was, for example, to preserve the unique geothermal phenomena. Grasslands National Park in Canada is the only park in North America designed to preserve the mixed grass prairie. Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina was created primarily to preserve unique glaciers such as Perito Moreno and the like. Florida's Everglades National Park was founded not for breathtaking views, but for the abundance of life forms.

From the point of view of the protection of vast areas of wilderness, the tasks of national parks and reserves are in many ways similar. Their goal is to preserve unique natural formations, maintain biological and landscape diversity, preserve the gene pool of wild plants and animals. At the same time, the nature protection regime of reserves (outside the former USSR they are called reserves) is more strict. Only scientific activity is allowed here and only occasionally tourism. In national parks, tourism (ecological tourism) is given special attention. African national parks such as the Serengeti, Nairobi, Masai Mara or the Kruger National Park can serve as an example of this. The parks are also actively working on environmental education of the population, and sometimes economic activity is also allowed (provided that it is environmentally safe).

Major national parks


Africa Kruger National Park.

The Kruger National Park is the largest natural reserve in the South African region. It is comparable in size to the territory of Israel and Wales. Its area is 20,000 sq. km. The park stretches for 350 km from north to south and 60 km from east to west along the border with Mozambique, between the Crocodile and Limpopo rivers. In addition, the Kruger Park is crossed by four large rivers that divide it into conditional parts.

The Kruger National Park was established in 1898 as a reserve on the initiative of Transvaal President P. Kruger. The reserve received the status of a national park in 1926. The Kruger National Park is included in the UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage List.
The Kruger National Park is unsurpassed in the variety of flora and fauna presented here. The northern part of the park has the highest concentration of wildlife in the world. The park is inhabited by: elephant, hippopotamus, white rhinoceros, giraffe, 17 species of antelope, lion, leopard, crocodiles and other animals.

North America. Yellowstone National Park.

The area of ​​Yellowstone National Park is about 900,000 hectares. The park is located in Wyoming (USA). In this area are the sources of the largest rivers in North America: Snake, Missouri, Yellowstone, flowing from the alpine lake of the same name. The lake adjoins the Central Plateau from the south. The height of the Yellowstone Plateau ranges from 1710 m (in the north) to 3463 m (in the central part of the park). Yellowstone is home to over 10,000 geothermal natural wonders. The Continental Divide runs along the high plateau of the Rocky Mountains. From here, rivers flow both to the east and to the west, but part of the water seeps into the depths. This explains the amazing natural phenomena of Yellowstone. The plateau was once shaken by powerful volcanic eruptions. Thousands of years ago, as a result of one of them, a giant crater 75 kilometers long and 45 kilometers wide was formed. Molten rock - still "does not sleep" under the earth's crust, maintaining the heat in the Yellowstone "cauldron".


Europe. Vanoise


Vanoise National Park is the first national park in France. It was founded in 1963. The reason for the creation of the park was the threat of complete extermination of stone goats in this area. Definitely, Vanoise can be called the main national park of France. Vanoise National Park is located south of the Mont Blanc mountain range and extends along the Alps mountain range in the Savoie region. This is a relatively small park. The park is divided into two zones: the central one has a length of 528 sq. km. and peripheral zone - 1450 sq. km. The peripheral zone was created to protect wildlife in the central zone in order to preserve it in its original form. The Peripheral Zone makes it possible to further restrict people's access to these beautiful wild lands. For 14 kilometers, the Vanoise National Park borders on the Italian Gran Paradiso National Park. Both parks make up the largest protected area in Western Europe. A project has been prepared to open the border between them.


Belarus. Belovezhskaya Pushcha


Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the oldest national park in Europe. Was founded in 1939. This is the largest remnant of a relic primeval lowland forest that grew in Europe in prehistoric times. Gradually, it was cut down and in a relatively undisturbed state in the form of a large massif was preserved only in the Belovezhskaya region (the territory of Belarus and Poland). In 1992, by decision of UNESCO, the State National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha" was included in the World Heritage List of mankind. In 1993 he was given the status of a biosphere reserve, and in 1997 he was awarded a diploma of the Council of Europe. Contrary to popular belief, the name does not come from the watchtower in Kamenets, since it was nicknamed "Belaya Vezha" only in the 19th century, but was whitewashed even later - under Soviet rule.


Russia. Yugyd Va


The Yugyd Va National Park was created on April 23, 1994 by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation in order to preserve the unique natural complexes of the Northern and Subpolar Urals, which are of great ecological, historical and recreational significance. The name of the national park "Yugyd Va" is translated from the Komi language as "clear water". Located in the Northern and Subpolar Urals in the southeast of the Komi Republic. The total area of ​​the park is 1,891,701 ha, including the water area of ​​21,421 ha. As of 2006, it is the largest national park in Russia. The territory of the park is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Virgin Komi Forests". The national park occupies the western slopes of the subpolar and northern Ural Mountains and is located in their highest part, on the border of Asia and Europe. Its territory extends to three administrative districts of the Komi Republic: Pechora, Vuktyl and Intinsky. There are no local residents on the territory of the national park itself. The forested area is 985.8 thousand hectares (51%). Among non-forest lands: mountain formations - about 800 thousand hectares (42%), swamps - about 50 thousand hectares (5%), water - about 20 thousand hectares (1%).

Conclusion


The national park is a nature protection educational institution in which the goals of preserving natural complexes and objects are combined with the interests of organizing environmental education of the population. It is designed to fulfill a range of conservation tasks common to those of other protected areas. If the reserve serves as a natural standard for obtaining scientific information, then the national park is a standard for cognitive information about nature for all citizens.

Lands developed for agriculture can also be included in the park, mainly in order to ensure the integrity of the territory and compliance with the necessary requirements for the exploitation of resources on lands adjacent to specially protected areas of nature. They are allocated to a special economic zone. These territories remain under the jurisdiction of the former land users, but they are managed in such a way as not to conflict with the conservation interests of the national park. At the same time, the task is to create an environmentally friendly agricultural production and a harmonious agricultural landscape worthy of being a model. One of the important problems is related to the organization of recreational services in the national park. It offers the visitor a fundamentally different type of recreation than in ordinary recreational areas. Man is admitted into nature as a guest, and his presence should not leave any traces in it. The adaptation of the recreational environment is limited to minimal intervention.

Bibliography


1. Borisov V.A., Belousova L.S., Vinokurov A.A. Protected natural areas of the world. National parks, reserves, reserves: a Handbook. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985

2. Zabelina N.M. Journey through the national park. - M.: FiS, 1990.

3. Bobrov R. All about national parks. Publishing house "Young guard". Moscow. 1987

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN DAGESTAN STATE UNIVERSITY Abstract on the topic: “Reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks”

Everyone knows what a reserve and national parks are. Perhaps, they just do not quite understand the difference between one concept and another. Let's try to figure this out.

What are national parks

To understand what a reserve and national parks are, you need to know the exact definition of these concepts. So, national parks are special natural areas on land or water, where human activity is completely or partially prohibited. The main goal is environmental protection, i.e., the preservation of valuable natural complexes, flora and fauna. These places are open for free visits by nature lovers and tourists.

In addition to environmental purposes, they are research institutions, and also perform an environmental education role. It is important to understand that the territories and individual real estate objects that belong to these natural complexes are of particular ecological, aesthetic and historical value for the state. In addition, this great places for the organization of international regulated tourism.

All national parks of our country are the property of the Russian Federation. Historical and cultural real estate objects are assigned to them on the basis of the right of operational management. The territory of national parks is limited to a buffer zone with an orderly regime of nature management and visits.

What are nature reserves

The nature reserves are distinguished by the fact that not only any economic activity is strictly prohibited on their territories, but also the presence of people there. According to the law of the Russian Federation, these territories are transferred to reserves for unlimited use. Our country is famous big amount state protected areas, whereas in the world there are only a few of them.


There are reserves and national parks in Russia in almost all regions, therefore they are distinguished by a specific landscape, unique representatives of flora and fauna, most of which is listed in the Red Book and carefully protected by the state.

Tasks of the reserve

Reserves are objects of federal significance, therefore, funds are allocated annually from the country's budget for their maintenance. and national parks can be understood in terms of the main tasks they perform. So, the tasks of the reserve are:

  • taking all necessary measures to preserve and enhance the biological diversity of protected natural complexes, maintaining them in their natural state in protected areas;
  • conducting research work;
  • carrying out environmental monitoring, as well as the implementation of environmental education of the population;
  • assistance in the training of specialists on environmental protection issues;
  • participation in environmental state expertise when designing the placement of objects of economic and other activities.


Territories of Russian nature reserves exclude the use of subsoil, water, plants and the hunting of animals, since they are of particular value to world science. They are examples of wildlife, typical of a particular region, and contribute to the conservation of the genetic fund of rare representatives of flora and fauna.

The main tasks of national parks

The main tasks of the national parks are:

  • preservation of the integrity and uniqueness of natural sites and historical and cultural sites located within them;
  • restoration of disturbed historical, cultural and natural objects;
  • creation of optimal conditions for regulated tourism and cultural recreation of citizens;
  • practical use of new in the field of nature protection;
  • environmental education.

Reserves and national parks are objects of federal significance financed by funds allocated from the federal budget.

natural parks

What is a nature reserve and national parks is understandable. How are the so-called natural parks? The fact is that in their status and tasks they are similar to national ones. The main difference is that they do not have the status of federal significance and are under the jurisdiction of the republic, territory or region in which they are located. Accordingly, funding is provided from the local budget. So, for example, in the Urals "Taganai" is a national park, and "Chusovaya River" and " Deer Brooks” are already unique natural parks.


National parks of Russia

Currently, there are more than 40 national parks in Russia, each of which is distinguished by special natural attractions, be it animals, birds, unique plants or historical objects real estate.

The championship in the number of national parks rightfully belongs to the North-West federal district Russia, especially Karelia and Arkhangelsk region. Spread out here unique parks: Vodlozersky, Kenozersky, Kalevalsky, "Russian Arctic", Valdai and many others.

Reserves and national parks of the world

More than 38 nature reserves occupy vast, many kilometers long territories of Russia. These include: Altai, Baikal, Bashkir, Barguzinsky, Darvinsky, Zavidovsky, Kandalaksha, Ilmensky, Komsomolsky, "Kedrovaya Pad", Kronotsky, Pechoro-Ilychsky, Sayano-Shushensky, Caucasian and many others.

Of these, the reserves and national parks of the tundra: Kandalaksha, Pechoro-Ilychsky, Taimyr, Big Arctic, "Yugyd Va", Lapland, Scientists are studying typical tundra ecological systems, as well as monitoring rare birds(polar partridge, peregrine falcon), a unique population of wild reindeer, arctic fox and representatives of aquatic fauna (whitefish, salmon, etc.).

In Siberia, the tundra stretches along a narrow coastal strip and reaches maximum width- 500 km (from the north-east of Russia to the south, to the northern part of Kamchatka). Most of the northern part of Sweden is also occupied by the tundra strip of Swedish Lapland. Small patches of tundra are found in Finland, Norway, and Iceland. Therefore, controlled environmental facilities were also created here.

Famous reserves and national parks of the world that protect the flora and fauna of tundra ecosystems: Urho-Kekkonen and Lemmenjoki, belonging to Finland; "Abisko", referring to Sweden; Norwegian "Hardangervidda".

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