What are the straits. Provisions of the Montreux Convention. Fighting in the region
The Strait of Magellan was discovered by one of the most famous sailors and explorers - Ferdinand Magellan. During his world travel, he stumbled upon a canal through which, for several centuries, key trade routes which contributed to the development of many states in modern period.
In this article we will talk about the Strait of Magellan - an important waterway, which for hundreds of years was the only way to allow merchants and travelers to enter Pacific Ocean for a short time. We will discuss which Strait of Magellan connects, who discovered it and when it happened.
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Where is the Magellanic duct
The duct is located in the Western of the hemispheres and is territorially adjacent to South America. Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan discovered the strait in 1520 during his trip around the world.
Before that, humanity believed that it was not round, but most likely, it was flat. The navigator decided to refute this theory and, having equipped the fleet with several ships, he set off from Portugal across the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
The traveler passed through the channel he opened and went out into the Pacific Ocean, from where he got to eastern shores Asia, and swam through Indian Ocean home.
Initially, the water artery discovered by him was named by the researcher himself, as "Strait of All Saints". Only after the death of the navigator, when his merits were recognized by the world, it was decided to rename the channel in honor of the discoverer.
Geographic characteristics
Object coordinates on the world map: 53°28′51″ S. sh. 70°47′00″ W d.
Strait length reaches about 575 km. The discoverer himself passed this site in 38 days. Most of coastline- these are high rocks cut by crevices, covered with sparse vegetation. The duct also abounds big amount fjords, which were a real salvation for sailors caught in a storm. Sometimes in the area there are small glaciers that come down from the nearby mountains.
Which oceans are connected by the Strait of Magellan?
The Strait of All Saints is a waterway that connects the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans.
Before the opening of this geographical feature Europeans did not know how to get to the Pacific Ocean, which greatly complicated the development of trade and exploration of the planet.
The Atlantic is the second largest on Earth and accounts for 25% of the world's oceans.
Quiet, in turn, is the largest body of water on the planet, which holds approximately 52% .
What separates the Magellanic duct
This waterway separates continental South America and the islands of the archipelago called Tierra del Fuego. Its minimum width reaches about 3 kilometers, which makes the channel quite narrow and very dangerous for sailors.
In some places, the depth is no more than 20 meters. The approximate speed of the current is 20-25 kilometers per hour.
Ferdinand Magellan
famous navigator in 1519 went from Spanish port at the head of five ships which took on a two-year supply of provisions. Swimming was accompanied by serious problems within the expedition team. The Spaniards were unhappy that they were led by the Portuguese. Some even planned to start a riot.
At the end of 1519, one of the ships of the research flotilla was wrecked and destroyed. Almost no one from the team died, but precious food supplies were lost.
Important! On October 21 next year, the team discovers new strait, passing through which, after thirty-eight days, they enter the Pacific Ocean.
In the spring of 1522, the flotilla reaches Philippine Islands across the entire Pacific Ocean. There they met a civilized population with whom trade began.
During one of the clashes with local tribes, the leader of the expedition dies, and the rest hurriedly go home - to Spain. As a result of the journey, out of five ships, only one arrived.
First time the world did not recognize the discovery made by sailors. Only further scientific achievements helped evaluate the work of Magellan and his team.
The Sea of Marmara, the innermost and smallest on our planet, stretches for 300 km between the European and Asian coasts of Turkey. Several rivers flow into the sea, which from ancient times to this day in some countries is called the "Primorie", from Asia, several rivers flow, and its shores are densely built up. resort towns these are Denizkente, Erdek, Yalova, Silivri, Armutlu. Every year they receive hundreds of thousands of tourists from all over the world.
The geographical location and importance of the sea for transit from Europe to Asia is difficult to underestimate: it connects the two Worlds through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. On both banks of the thirty-kilometer winding water route between the Black and Marmara Seas - the Bosphorus, stands Istanbul. The second attraction of the Sea of Marmara, which is worth a visit as part of a trip to the capital of Turkey - the Golden Horn Bay. Narrow, large and incredibly beautiful, illuminated by the lights of the city from all sides, it will charm everyone.
Bridge over Istanbul (Ataturk Bridge) - connects Europe and Asia. The length of the bridge is 1510 meters, respectively, and the width of the Bosphorus is no more.
In the large, one hundred and twenty-kilometer strait of the Dardanelles, leading to the Aegean Sea, two major ports– Canakkale and Gelibolu.
There are several islands in the Sea of Marmara. The largest of them is Marmara, the sea itself was named after him. On the island from antiquity to this day, mined white marble, and on the coast - you can find a gorgeous beach.
Another island - Turkeli, a paradise for lovers beach holiday and wine, located in the southwest. Finally, nine so-called Princes' Islands are within 25 km of Istanbul, four of them are open to the public, one is privately owned and the other four are uninhabited. Works between mainland and islands ferry service. You can board the ferry at the port of Kabatas, this Ending station tram.
Both tourists and locals go to the islands: to walk, swim and sunbathe. Special attention worth paying attention to two of them. This is Kinalyada - the closest to Istanbul, a calm and cozy island with the best beaches, especially good for tourists with small children. Further, passing by two islands similar to it, Burgazada and Heybeliada, it is worth landing on the island of Buyukada. This is a “mothballed” and specially protected by the municipality island, the most visited and interesting for tourists looking for immersion in the local flavor. It is forbidden to build modern buildings on it and violate the atmosphere of antiquity and originality.
In Buyukada, classic cars with internal combustion engines are taboo. Horses, carts, phaetons, electric cars and bicycles: that's the whole choice Vehicle. Many tourists walk around the island on foot. There are many cafes serving fresh seafood and shops with local souvenirs on the pier. Do not miss unique world Marmara, this small sea will enrich your travel experience in Turkey.
Buyukada is an island without cars.
Video: BUYUKADA / Buyukada/ Istanbul - Island.
Journey around the Sea of Marmara with Dr. R.Kasimov.
And the Gallipoli Peninsula, located in the European part of Turkey. The Strait of the Dardanelles, whose width is from 1.3 km to 6 km, and the length is 65 km, is of great strategic importance, as it is part of the waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Black Sea.
Sea of Gella
The obsolete name of the strait is the Hellespont, which is translated from Greek as "the sea of \u200b\u200bGella." This name is associated with the ancient myth of twins, brother and sister, Frix and Gella. Born by the Orkhomenian king Afamant and Nephela, the children were soon left without a mother - they were raised by the evil stepmother Ino. She wanted to kill her brother and sister, but the twins fled on a flying ram with golden wool. During the flight, Gella slipped into the water and died. The place where the girl fell - between Chersonese and Sigey - has since been called the "sea of \u200b\u200bGella". The Dardanelles Strait received its modern name from the name of the once standing on its shore ancient city- Dardania.
Bosphorus
This is another Black Sea strait. The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. The strait has a length of about 30 kilometers, its width ranges from 700 m to 3700 m. The depth of the fairway is from 36 to 124 m. Istanbul (historical Constantinople) is located on both sides of the strait. The shores of the Bosphorus are connected by two bridges: the Bosphorus (length - 1074 meters) and the Sultan Mehmed Fatih Bridge (length - 1090 meters). In 2013, to unite Asian and European part Istanbul, the Marmaray railway underwater tunnel was built.
Geographical position
The Dardanelles and the Bosphorus are 190 kilometers apart. Between them is located the area of which is 11.5 thousand km2. sea vessel, going from the Black to the Mediterranean Sea, you must first enter the rather narrow Bosphorus, bypass Istanbul, swim to the Sea of Marmara, after which he will meet with the Dardanelles. This strait ends which, in turn, is part of the Mediterranean. By its length, this path does not exceed 170
strategic importance
The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles are links in the chain connecting the closed sea (Black) with the open (Mediterranean). These straits have repeatedly become the subject of a dispute between the leading world powers. For Russia in the 19th century, the path to mediterranean sea provided access to the center of world trade and civilization. IN modern world he also has importance, is the "key" to the Black Sea. The international convention assumes that the passage of merchant and military ships through the Black Sea straits should be free and free. However, Turkey, which is the main regulator of traffic through the Bosphorus, is trying to use this situation to its advantage. When Russian oil exports skyrocketed in 2004, Turkey authorized the restriction of ship traffic in the Bosporus. Traffic jams appeared in the strait, and oilmen began to suffer all sorts of losses for delays in deliveries and demurrage of tankers. Russia officially accused Turkey of deliberately complicating traffic on the Bosphorus in order to redirect the export cargo flow of oil to the port of Ceyhan, whose services are paid. This is not Turkey's only attempt to capitalize on its geophysical position. The country has developed a project for the construction of the Bosphorus Canal. The idea is good, but the Republic of Turkey has not yet found investors to implement this project.
Fighting in the region
In antiquity, the Dardanelles belonged to the Greeks, and Abydos was the main city in the region. In 1352, the Asian shore of the strait passed to the Turks and Canakkale became the dominant city.
According to an agreement concluded in 1841, only ships could pass through the Dardanelles. The First Balkan War put an end to this state of affairs. The Greek fleet defeated the Turkish one at the entrance to the straits twice: in 1912, on December 16, during the battle of Elli, and in 1913, on January 18, in the battle of Lemnos. After that, the Turkish fleet did not dare to leave the strait anymore.
During the First World War, bloody battles were fought between Atlanta and Turkey for the Dardanelles. In 1915, Sir decided to knock Turkey out of the war at once, breaking through to the country's capital through the Dardanelles. The First Lord of the Admiralty was deprived of military talent, so the operation failed. The campaign was poorly planned and mediocrely executed. In one day, the Anglo-French fleet lost three battleships, the rest of the ships were seriously damaged and miraculously survived. The landing of fighters on the Gallipoli Peninsula turned into an even greater tragedy. 150 thousand people died in a positional meat grinder that did not bring any results. After a Turkish destroyer and a German submarine sank three more British battleships, and the second landing in Suvla Bay was ingloriously defeated, it was decided to curtail the military operation. About circumstances greatest disaster in the British military history a book was written entitled "Dardanelles 1915. Churchill's bloodiest defeat."
The question of the straits
Until Byzantine, and then Ottoman Empire dominated the area of the straits, the question of their functioning was decided within the states themselves. However, at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, the situation changed - Russia entered the Black and Seas of Azov. The problem of control over the Bosporus and the Dardanelles is on the international agenda.
In 1841, at a conference in the city of London, an agreement was reached that the straits would be closed to the passage of warships in peacetime. Since 1936, according to modern international law, the Straits area is considered " open sea” and questions about it are governed by the Montreux Convention on the Status of the Straits. Thus, the control of the straits is carried out while maintaining the sovereignty of Turkey.
Provisions of the Montreux Convention
The convention states that merchant ships of any state have free access to the passage through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles both in wartime and in peacetime. The Black Sea powers can guide warships of any class through the straits. Non-Black Sea states can only let surface small ships pass through the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus.
If Turkey becomes involved in hostilities, then the country may, at its discretion, skip warships any power. During a war in which the Republic of Turkey has nothing to do, the Dardanelles and the Bosporus must be closed to military courts.
The last conflict in which the mechanisms provided for by the Convention were involved was the South Ossetian crisis in August 2008. At that time, warships of the US Navy were passed through the straits, which proceeded in the direction of the Georgian ports of Poti and Batumi.
Conclusion
The Dardanelles on the map of Eurasia takes up very little space. However, the strategic importance of this transport corridor on the continent cannot be overestimated. From an economic point of view, it is important for Russia, first of all, the export of petroleum products. Transportation of "black gold" by water is much cheaper than by oil pipeline. Every day, 136 ships pass through the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, 27 of them are tankers. The density of traffic through the Black Sea straits is four times higher than the intensity panama canal, three times - Suez. Due to the low permeability of the straits Russian Federation Daily incurs losses in the amount of approximately 12.3 million dollars. However, a worthy alternative has not yet been found.
Yesterday I played with a Google map and looked at the Black Sea and wondered how they get into it. I knew that there was a narrow strait somewhere, but if you look at the general outlines of the Black Sea, you can't see it at all. In general, I found it on the map and it became interesting for me to learn more about this place, and it is natural to write about it here.
Bosphorus on the map can only be seen in a good approximation, it is located in Istanbul
maps.google.com/?ll=41.072939,29.112337&spn=0.603566,1.153564&t=w&z=10
The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara, from the Sea of Marmara you can squeeze into the Aegean Sea (the Dardanelles Strait), and from there to the Mediterranean and through Gibroaltar to Atlantic Ocean🙂 There are 2 bridges across the Bosphorus that essentially connect Asia and Europe
The length of the strait is about 30 kilometers, its widest part is just over 3 kilometers, and the narrowest is only 700 meters. The average navigation width is 1.4 kilometers. The Bosphorus, although located in Turkey, is nevertheless considered international waters. About 50,000 ships sail through it every year. The sizes are very different: from small-tonnage aircraft-carrying ships and submarines, ending with entertaining cruise yachts.
In fact Bosphorus Strait brings a lot of trouble for the authorities. Residents of coastal houses daily risk waking up and seeing how the prow of the ship sticks out in their wall. The thing is that the strait itself in Istanbul is difficult to maneuver, this is due to its fast current (6-7 knots) and many whirlpools. In addition, the Bosphorus consists of 12 sharp turns, which makes it one of the most dangerous shipping places on the planet. In some places, oncoming ships do not see each other at all.
Looks like the photo was taken from the bridge
Voon beyond that cape the Black Sea begins!
Turkey does not receive a penny for crossing the Bosphorus, since this is not her personal territory. The only thing in the power of the government is to close the passage for a while strong winds and adverse weather. For this reason, traffic jams occur very often, which in turn affects the supply of oil (and not only) to European countries.
These are the ships that Istanbul has to accept. Damn, but it's still interesting to see this live!
And submarines too
I have a cousin who served in the Navy and visited these parts. I asked him if a submarine could pass the Bosphorus unnoticed? He says he can't...
Here are some nice views
This is the embankment of the Bosphorus
And some beautiful night photos
The Bosphorus (tur. İstanbul Boğazı "Istanbul Strait", Greek Βόσπορος) is a strait between Europe and Asia Minor, connecting the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Paired with the Dardanelles, it connects the Black Sea with the Aegean, which is part of the Mediterranean. On both sides of the strait is the largest Turkish city Istanbul. The length of the strait is about 30 km. Maximum Width strait - 3700 m (in the north), minimum - 700 meters. The depth of the fairway is from 33 to 80 m. The strait has an erosional origin; is an old river valley flooded sea water in the Quaternary period. There are two currents in the Bosphorus - a freshened upper one from the Black Sea to the Marmara, to the south (speed 1.5-2 m / s) and a salty lower one - from the Sea of Marmara to the Black, as was established by Admiral Makarov in 1881-1882 (speed 0, 9-1 m/s). The salt current continues in the Black Sea as an underwater river. According to one of the most common legends, the strait got its name from the daughter of the ancient Argive king - the beautiful beloved of Zeus named Io was turned by him into a white cow to avoid the wrath of his wife Hera. The unfortunate Io chose the waterway to salvation, diving into the blue of the strait, which since then has been called the "cow's ford" or the Bosphorus. The shores of the strait are connected by three bridges: two automobile ones - the Bosphorus Bridge with a main span length of 1074 meters (completed in 1973) and the Sultan Mehmed Fatih Bridge (1090 m; built in 1988) 5 km north of the first bridge, as well as a road and rail bridge Sultan Selim the Terrible (1408 m; completed in 2016) in the northern part of the strait, on the Black Sea coast. In addition, the two banks of the Bosphorus are connected by the Marmaray railway tunnel (total length - 13.6 km, under water - 1.4 km; opened in 2013), which combined high-speed transport systems European and Asian parts of Istanbul. It is assumed (the theory of the Black Sea flood) that the Bosphorus was formed only 7500-5000 years ago. Before the level of Black and Seas of Marmara was significantly lower and they were not related. At the end of the last ice age as a result of the melting of large masses of ice and snow, the water level in both reservoirs rose sharply. A powerful flow of water in just a few days made its way from one sea to another - this is evidenced by the bottom topography and other signs. The ancient Greeks also called the strait the "Thracian Bosporus" to distinguish it from the "Cimmerian Bosporus" ( modern name- Kerch Strait). The Bosphorus is one of the most important straits, as it provides access to the Mediterranean Sea and the world's oceans of a large part of Russia, Ukraine, Transcaucasia and southeastern Europe. In addition to agricultural and industrial products, oil from Russia and the Caspian region plays an important role in exports through the Bosphorus. In the winters of 1621-1669, the strait was covered with ice. These times were characterized by a general decrease in temperature in the region and were called the Little Ice Age. The Bosphorus occupies special place among the known most difficult straits in the world ...
