Scandinavian volcano name. Eyyafyatlayokudl - the origin of the name

In 2010, an event occurred that changed the plans of millions of people around the world. Eyjafjallajökull, a volcano in Iceland, has declared itself. Immediately, this country attracted the attention of millions of tourists, because everyone wants to look at the consequences of the eruption, get a dose of adrenaline, rising to the giant crater. It is worth noting that this is not the only active volcano in Iceland. The country has a unique geographical position, making it a real fiery island, enclosed in ice.

Iceland - an icy country with a fiery heart

Iceland is a country with an area of ​​just over 103 square kilometers, which is located between Norway and Greenland. It consists of big island and small satellite islands around. Iceland is washed by the Atlantic Ocean.

In translation, the name of the state means "Ice Country". Most of it is covered with ice, but the entire landscape is streaked with hot springs, geysers and active volcanoes. Iceland is spread out on a large tectonic plateau, rising almost 2,000 kilometers above sea level.

This fact explains the violent volcanic activity and landscape of the country. There are lava fields, and lakes located in the craters of volcanoes, and ice caps of the mountains. The coast of the ocean is indented by deep fjords.

It is noteworthy that the population of the country is concentrated in the southwest. In the depths of the island, only small villages are noted, because central part not suitable for life due to too high tectonic activity. Blame the lithospheric plates, the interaction of which awakens volcanoes. On this moment over a hundred active.

What are volcanoes

A volcano is a formation in the earth's crust, where the products of the volcano's activity come to the surface through a special channel (vent): combustible lava, gases, ash and caustic vapors. It is generally accepted that this is necessarily a high or not very cone-shaped mountain with a crater. However, a volcano can form simply at the junction of two plates. Then he does not have a crater, but there is a fault large sizes through which magma comes to the surface. Such, for example, a volcano in Iceland - Lucky.

In addition to the structure, volcanoes differ from each other in their status. Allocate active, extinct and dormant formations. The first are those that erupted at least once in the last 12 thousand years. It should be noted that the activity extinct volcanoes practically impossible. But dormant formations can come back to life at any moment. However, such a division of geological formations is very arbitrary, because it is not completely known when the last time the volcano was active, and whether it will show it at the present time.

It is interesting that volcanoes are not randomly scattered over the surface of the earth: everything is subject to certain patterns. There are several volcanic belts. The territory of Iceland belongs to the third of them. It stretches along the Atlantic coast. There are practically no extinct volcanoes among these volcanoes, all are in a state of activity or are sleeping and waiting in the wings.

Eyjafjallajokull volcano

The hero of recent news releases is the volcano in Iceland - Eyyafyadlayekudl. His photo is below. With its eruption, for almost a week, it paralyzed the work of airports not only in Iceland, but also in continental Europe. The ash spread even to the shores of North America.

It is noteworthy that the geological formation itself does not have a name. Volcano in Iceland - Eyjafjallajökull translation is very complex. It consists of the name of the area, the glacier and, in fact, the designation of the mountain on which it is located. The longest name of a volcano in Iceland, in the pronunciation of which there are even competitions, is actually a toponym denoting

The distance from the capital of Iceland to the Eyjafjallajökull volcano is only 125 kilometers. The mountain itself has a height of 1666 meters above sea level. There is a volcano under the glacier of the same name. The geological formation crater is impressive: the largest recorded figure is 4 kilometers.

The volcano slept after its last eruption lasting almost a year at the end of the 19th century. The environmentalists found out that the mountain would soon wake up, thereby avoiding casualties. About 1000 people were evacuated from the area adjacent to the glacier. At the moment, researchers have again recorded the activity of the volcano Eyyafyadlayekyudl.

Volcano Hekla - "Gates to Hell"

What is the most famous volcano in Iceland? Of course, Hekla. Even during the Middle Ages, not only the inhabitants of the country, but also the neighboring states knew about it. It was dubbed the "Gate to Hell" along with Vesuvius. According to legend, the souls of sinners pass through the mouth of the mountain to the underworld, and witches arrange a sabbath there. The priests, in order to rein in the people, said that the eruption of the mountain was a punishment for committed sins.

Literally, Hekla translates as "Cloak with a hood." Indeed, the top of the volcano under the shadow of clouds is somewhat reminiscent of monastic clothes.

Hekla is a volcano in Iceland, to which the interest of tourists does not stop. Located on a mountain range, 40 kilometers high, it rises almost 1,500 meters. This is truly an impressive sight!

The interest of volcanologists in this object does not weaken either. Just think: over the past 6 thousand years, Hekla has erupted about 20 times. Moreover, it is impossible to guess what intensity the subsequent activity will be, because in his history there were awakenings for several days, which were repeated for more than a year. And those that took place in the II-I centuries BC, with their five-point force, threw out volcanic rocks for 7.5 km. A few years after that, a volcanic winter reigned in Europe.

Insidious Lucky

Another popular volcano in Iceland, whose name is Lucky, has a very impressive size. It is a huge crack. Numerous low (about 80 meters) small craters are formed in it. Laki is just a part of the volcanic system formed among the Mýrdalsjokull and Vatnajökull glaciers.

The eruption of this object always brings numerous problems not only to the inhabitants of Iceland, but to the whole world. The last largest activity at the end of the 18th century not only created the effect of a volcanic winter in the northern hemisphere, it is responsible for the death of people and animals poisoned by poisonous gases. Suffered by the dry summer of Japan, North Africa, India. Due to the consequences of this eruption in North America the coldest winter ever recorded. Glaciers brought great destruction: when they melted, they created floods.

Askja - a handsome man among the volcanoes of Iceland

Askja Volcano is located in the heart of Iceland. The area here is uninhabited, because the landscape is dotted with lava fields, glaciers erupting geothermal springs and there are fumes in the air. A real apocalyptic scene! It is not for nothing that astronauts were trained in the foothills of Askya.

The volcano is also extraordinarily beautiful, especially ideal round lake located in its crater. Tourists who are not afraid to take a look at Askew need to follow the narrow path that circles the crater. Swimming in the cloudy blue water is possible, but undesirable. This threatens with loss of consciousness from the inhaled gases that exude the volcano.

There were Mystic stories associated with Askya: scientists who studied this area disappeared without a trace.

Last eruption this volcano was relatively recent, in 1961. However, now the activity of Askya is alarming scientists, this is dictated by the fact that the ice in crater lake completely melts by summer (usually part of it remains even in July). This is partly because Askew was affected by Eyjafjallajökull, an erupting volcano in Iceland in 2010.

Grimsvotn

The Grímsvotn volcano is located under a huge glacier in the South of Iceland. "Gloomy waters" - this is how its name is translated. It reveals the essence of the eruption, when huge volumes of ash, gases and igneous rocks are thrown into the environment.

Grimsvotn is a mysterious volcano. Its height is not known for certain: According to scientists, it varies from 900 to almost 1800 meters. The glacier under which this geological object is located interferes with obtaining accurate data.

Grimsvotn erupts regularly, the period is a maximum of 10 years. Each time this phenomenon is accompanied by ash emissions and the absence of abundant lava flows. Last time the volcano erupted in 2011.

Katla - the giant of Iceland

Katla is the most big volcano Iceland. Its height is slightly more than one and a half thousand meters. This giant has been worrying scientists for a long time. After all, it erupts with a frequency of 40-80 years, and Last Activity observed in 1918. Then the consequences were catastrophic: a severe flood, formed from the melt waters of the glacier, carried several icebergs into the Atlantic.

Katla owes its increased activity to the recently awakened volcano Eyyafyadlayekyudl, with which it is in close geological connection.

Consequences of the eruption

Iceland's volcanoes are not only beautiful natural objects but also very dangerous. IN different centuries their eruptions caused irreversible consequences not only for the inhabitants of Iceland, but for the entire hemisphere. The failure of airports is only a small part. After all, ash, accumulating in the atmosphere, provokes a decrease in temperature (the so-called volcanic winter).

Volcanoes, erupting, cause severe floods. This is due to the melting of the glaciers that cover these geological features of Iceland. The strongest currents in a matter of hours will flood everything that stands in the way.

Eyjafjallajökull volcano has woken up in Iceland after a 200-year "hibernation". The eruption began on March 21, 2010 and was so powerful that a state of emergency was declared in the country and hundreds of residents of nearby settlements were evacuated.
On April 14, a new eruption began, accompanied by the release of a huge amount of ash into the atmosphere. The next day, a dozen European countries were forced to completely or partially close their airspace - in particular, flights were canceled at the airports of London, Copenhagen and Oslo.

Eyjafjallajokull means "Island of Mountain Glaciers". The volcano is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik between the Eyjafjallajokull and Mirdalsjokull glaciers. These are the largest ice caps in the south of northern island country covering active volcanoes.

The Eyjafjallajökull volcano is a conical glacier, the sixth largest in Iceland. The height of the volcano is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.

Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where volcanic eruptions occur quite frequently. Almost all types of volcanoes found on Earth are represented in this country. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of ​​11,900 square kilometers.

Since many volcanoes in Iceland are covered with glaciers, they often melt them from below. The tongues of the glaciers break away from their places, releasing millions of tons of water and ice, which demolish everything in its path.

It is from these fears that such serious security measures were taken in Iceland after the awakening of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010. In particular, after its March eruption, traffic on nearby roads was stopped and residents were evacuated. Local authorities it was feared that the volcanic lava would melt the glacier and cause severe flooding.

However, after research, experts came to the conclusion that threats to local residents eruption does not represent. A few days later, the authorities allowed people to return to their homes.

Volcanologists were able to approach the crater at a distance of several meters and film the eruption on camera, they saw that the crack from which the lava comes out has a length of about 500 meters. In addition, the shooting was carried out from the air. The set was published on the popular YouTube video portal.

Icelandic scientists have been watching the volcano for a long time, looking for signs of seismic activity. In their opinion, the eruption may last another year or even two. The last eruption of Eyjafjallajökull was recorded in 1821. Then it lasted until 1823 and caused a threatening melting of the glacier. In addition, due to the high content of fluorine compounds (fluorides) in its emissions, a threat to health, namely the bone structure of people and livestock, has been created.

If the current eruption continues for as long, the airspace over Europe will have to be periodically closed and opened, depending on the activity of the volcano, warns Professor Bill McGuire, an expert at the Center for the Study of Natural Disasters at University College London.

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Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption(also "Eyyafjadlayok at dl"; isl. Eyjafjallajokull) in Iceland began on the night of March 20-21, 2010 and took place in several stages. The main consequence of the eruption was the release of a cloud of volcanic ash, which disrupted air traffic in Northern Europe.

First eruption.

Since the end of 2009, seismic activity has increased in Eyjafjallajökull. Until March 2010, there were about a thousand tremors with a force of 1-2 points at a depth of 7-10 km under the volcano.

At the end of February 2010, GPS measurements conducted by the Icelandic Meteorological Institute in the region of the glacier recorded a movement of the earth's crust by 3 cm in a southeasterly direction. Seismic activity continued to increase and reached a maximum on March 3-5 (three thousand tremors per day).

Temperature map

About 500 local residents were resettled from the area around the volcano (since the intense melting of the glacier under which the volcano was located could cause flooding of the area). Keflavik International Airport (city of Keflavik) was closed.

On March 19, shaking began east of the northern crater at a depth of 4-7 km. Then the activity began to spread to the east and rise to the surface.

The volcanic eruption began on March 20, 2010 between 22:30 and 23:30 GMT. At that time, a 0.5 km long fault formed in the eastern part of the glacier (at an altitude of about 1000 m above sea level, in the direction from northeast to southwest). During the eruption, large ash emissions were not recorded, the cloud rose to a height of about 1 km.

On March 25, due to the water of the melted glacier that got into the crater, a steam explosion occurred in the crater, after which the eruption moved into a more stable phase.

On March 31, at about 19:00 (Icelandic time), a new fissure (0.3 km long) opened, which is located about 200 m northeast of the first one.

Second eruption.

Second eruption, view from the north, April 2, 2010

On April 13, around 23:00, seismic activity was recorded under the central part of the volcano, to the west of the two erupting fissures. About an hour later, a new eruption began on the southern edge of the central caldera. The ash column rose 8 km. A new fissure was formed about 2 km long (in the direction from north to south). Water from the active melting of the glacier flowed both north and south into inhabited areas. About 700 people were evacuated. During the day, melt water was flooded highway, destruction occurred. Volcanic ash has been recorded in southern Iceland.

Trail of the volcanic eruption on April 15 in the area of ​​high pressure over the Norwegian Sea. Aqua satellite image.

On April 15-16, the height of the ash column reached 13 km. When ash hits a height above 11 km above sea level, it enters the stratosphere with a possible transfer to considerable distances. Significant spread of the ash cloud in eastbound contributed to the anticyclone over the North Atlantic.

Trail of the volcanic eruption on April 15. Aqua satellite image.

On April 17-18, the eruption continued. The height of the ash column was estimated at 8-8.5 km, which means the cessation of the ingress of igneous material into the stratosphere.

Impact on air traffic in Europe.

On April 15, 2010, due to the high intensity of the eruption and the release of ash, air traffic was suspended in northern Sweden, Denmark, Norway and in the northern regions of the UK.

Due to the high concentration of volcanic ash in the air on April 15, 2010 (the ash cloud rose to a height of 6 km), all UK airports stopped their work from noon, and Danish airports were closed from 21:00 Moscow time. On April 15, 2010, between 5,000 and 6,000 flights were canceled across Europe.

At the same time, the airspace of Iceland itself and its airports remained open.

Flights to Europe from America and Asia (USA, China, Japan) were postponed indefinitely.

According to the calculations of the International Air Transport Association, the daily losses of airlines from flight cancellations amounted to at least 200 million USD.

The Association of European Airlines on April 19 called for an "immediate review of restrictions and bans" on flights in the airspace of the European Union. According to the results of test flights conducted by some European airlines, the ash does not pose a danger to air traffic. The International Air Transport Association has criticized governments European states for the lack of thoughtfulness in the introduction of flight bans. " The European governments decided without consulting anyone and without adequately assessing the degree of risk,- said the head of ICAO Giovanni Bisignani. - It is based on theory, not facts.».

According to CEO EU transport organization Matthias Ruth's flight ban has been called computer program of dubious scientific value that models the spread of volcanic ash. He urged EU leaders to consider adopting US-style safety rules. " On the other side of the Atlantic, airlines would be given one piece of advice: don't fly over a volcano. Otherwise, all the necessary precautions would be left to be determined by the carriers themselves.”, said Matthias Ruth.

The volcanic eruption prevented the leaders of many heads of state from flying to the funeral of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and those killed in a plane crash near Smolensk on April 10, 2010.

Distribution of volcanic ash in Russia.

According to the Met Office, UK, as of 18:36 April 18, 2010, volcanic ash in Russia was recorded in the area Kola Peninsula, in the south of the Central Federal District, parts of the Volga, Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts, as well as in the northeast of the Northwestern Federal District. St. Petersburg was on the border of the expected spread of ash, according to forecasts, the ash was supposed to reach the city on the night of April 18-19. Volcanic ash was not registered on the territory of Moscow, and its distribution was not expected in the next day (April 19).

According to other information, the first particles of volcanic ash reached Moscow on April 16, 2010. On the night of April 16-17, small particles of ash could be collected on a sheet of paper placed on the windowsill. The study of particles under a microscope showed the presence of fragments of plagioclase crystals and foamed volcanic glass.

Marina Petrova, director general of the meteorological agency Roshydromet, said on April 19 that Russian experts do not observe volcanic ash over the territory of Russia. Director of the Federal Information and Analytical Center of Roshydromet Valery Kosykh said that the data on ash over Russia is based on information from the London Volcanic Ash Tracking Center. “The main problem is that no one in Russia can measure the concentration of this ash,” he said.

Volcanic ash distribution patterns.

Ash cloud spread by April 17, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 19, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 21, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 22, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Impact on the environment.

When volcanoes erupt, huge volumes of aerosols and suspended particles are ejected, which are carried by tropospheric and stratospheric winds and absorb part of the solar radiation. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines threw so much ash to a height of 35 km that the average level of solar radiation decreased by 2.5 W / m 2, which corresponds to a global cooling of at least 0.5-0.7 ° C, but, according to IGRAN Deputy Director for Science Arkady Tishkov, “ something that took to the air in Iceland, until it even reached the volume of one cubic kilometer. These emissions are not as large as, for example, those that were noted as a result of recent eruptions in Kamchatka or Mexico.". He believes that the " this is a completely normal event.”, which may affect the weather, but will not cause climate change.

Eyjafjallajökull is a volcano in Iceland, located under the glacier of the same name, the name of which is able to pronounce only 0.005 percent of the world's population. In 2010, the small northern country of Iceland decided to remind Europeans of its existence. And she did it in such a way that the message could not be ignored.

Excessive activity of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano and a powerful release of ash into the atmosphere led to the cancellation of several tens of thousands of flights. This eruption can rightfully be considered one of the most remarkable events of the past year.

For two hundred years now, Eyjafjallajökull has been considered sound asleep. Its previous eruption was recorded between 1821 and 1823. - in two years, the volcano caused enormous damage to the surrounding area. However, Icelanders are accustomed to such disasters. The island has several active volcanoes, which periodically remind of their existence. So the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull did not panic local population, on the contrary, provoked a real tourist boom. People from all over the world came to admire the impressive spectacle.

In fact, the volcano that attracted so much attention from tourists to Iceland did not even have its own name. Previously, the Eyjafjallajökull glacier was known, located 125 km from Reykjavik and hiding a conical volcano underneath. For simplicity, it began to be called by the same name. Eyyafyadlayokyudl in translation into Russian means literally "glacier of the island mountains." The height of the peak is 1666 meters, and the diameter of the crater, which has been hiding under the ice for many years, is 4 km.

Naturally, scientists were monitoring Eyjafjallajökull, but could not predict the full scale of the upcoming eruption. Much more attention of scientists has always attracted a volcano located 12 km to the east - Katla. In the 20th century, he was noted for his special activity. Consequently, it was popular with tourists visiting the island.

All types of travel are available to lovers of the exotic in Iceland: auto, walking, as well as helicopter tours by air. Only from above can one fully appreciate the power of volcanoes. In addition to evidence of the fiery breath of the Earth, Iceland is famous for its rivers, waterfalls and geysers. Acquaintance with them is included in the mandatory tourist program. At the foot of the Eyjafjallajökull glacier is the village of Skogar and the most visited waterfall in the country, Skogafoss on the Skougau River. Famous tourist routes pass by it, leading to the Fimmvurduhauls pass between the Eyjafjallajokull and Myrdalsjokull glaciers.

Photo of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland.

RUBRIC: MATRIX
Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Almost every type of volcano found on Earth is represented in Iceland. Actually, the country is one big "Vulkanland". Icelandic volcanoes, filled with magma, can eject much more volume than their mainland cone-shaped brothers. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of ​​11,900 square kilometers.
Eyjafjallajokull Volcano (Eyjafjallajokull), in translation - "Island of mountain glaciers", is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik. The volcano is crowned by a conical glacier, the fifth largest in Iceland. Its height is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.
The last eruption in the area occurred in 1821-1823, and before that - in 1612.
ERUPTION - WRATH OF THE EARTH!
Icelandic volcano Eyyafyatlayokudl woke up after a 200-year hibernation on March 21 this year. A violent eruption of a huge cloud of volcanic ash, rising to a height of 6 km, thanks to sunny weather began on the night of April 14th.
On Saturday, the 15th, a column of ash became visible over the volcano - a thick dark gray cloud 8.5 kilometers high. The wind improved visibility in the area of ​​the ongoing eruption, and experts were able to assess the situation from the air for the first time in the past few days.
The red-hot magma changed course and began to flow underground right in the area of ​​​​the glacier, volcanologist Sigurun Hansdottir, who, along with her colleagues from the University of Iceland, has been monitoring the activity of the volcano over the past three months, told reporters. The mixture of magma and ice is explosive, so there are incessant explosions at the bottom of the crater. The ashfall layer is up to 3 cm. Volcanic ash is solid particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 microns. The volcano releases poisonous gases, the evaporation of which people may not even notice. Now the volcano emits sulfur, fluorine, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The last of these is odorless and is a deadly gas.
Thousand hectares of land to the east of the crater are covered with a thick layer of ash.
So far, it is impossible to study what is happening with Eyyafyatlayokudl in the immediate vicinity. Scientific equipment cannot be delivered to the site, as the ash cloud prevents them from approaching the crater. It is not known exactly how much of the emitted substances enter the atmosphere. During the day, according to experts, about four million tons of volcanic substances are released.
Nevertheless, brave volcanologists were able to approach the crater at a distance of several meters and film the eruption on camera. They saw that the crack from which the lava comes out has a length of about 500 meters.
On the 15th, Magnus Tumi Gudmundson, professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland, noted that the volcano had stepped up its activity.
Scientists will try to fly around the crater to find out how much ice has melted on it. It depends on how long the volcano will spew ash. This data is provided by the Republican Center for Radiation Control and Monitoring environment from the London Clearing House. Information is updated every six hours.
Stormy correspondence began on the Internet - the Earth is angry with people and sends them a warning - come to your senses, live peacefully, destroy weapons, stop destroying nature, get rid of the unforgivable sins of murder, greed and pride!
PLANES - THREATS
Once in the combustion chamber of the engine, they melt, solidify again in cold parts, which can disrupt the operation of the turbine.
Ash, which is a mixture of particles of glass, sand and rocks, is extremely dangerous for aircraft engines, especially jet ones.
Volcanic ash consists of glass particles less than 2 millimeters in size, explains aviation engineer Igor Vasenkov. - The particles are very hard. They act on parts like an abrasive. First, the compressor elements are damaged. They melt in the combustion chambers, clogging them. And stick further on the turbine blades. The engines may eventually stop. Peroclastic, so-called glassy substances, which are present in the ashes, are dangerous for working mechanisms.
Besides, a large number of ash is deposited on the wings and fuselage of the aircraft. Third great danger is that the Icelandic volcano is basalt, during its eruption a significant amount of sulfur and chlorine is released. Sulfur, as a low-melting element, when in contact with hot parts of the aircraft, mixed with ash, forms a mass that can even disrupt the movement of turbine blades.
The trajectory of the movement of the volcanic eruptive cloud coincides with the trajectory of the air corridors of aircraft movement. Therefore, the airports were obliged to stop flights, as the situation could lead to malfunctions. aircraft to plane crashes.
If the wind direction were north, then in general, by and large, no one except specialists would have noticed this eruption.
“This fine dust is a very nasty thing,” Stuart John, a professor at the Royal Academy of Engineering and former chairman of the Royal Society of Aeronautics, told the BBC. “It clogs the vents through which air is supplied for cooling, and the engines stall.”
PLANES - COLLAPSE
There was a transcontinental transport collapse.
On April 15, due to emissions, a number of countries in northern Europe were forced to close their airports. And not by chance. Finnish Air Force F-18 Hornet fighters were put out of action after flying through a cloud of volcanic ash and dust just before Europe closed airspace.
The aviation crisis, in the first days, according to the European Commission, affected over 10 million passengers; in the future, this number can grow exponentially.
Later, the airports of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic countries and China were closed.
PERSPECTIVES
"The eruption may stop tomorrow, but it may continue and disrupt the normal operation of air transport for several more weeks or even months, or even years," said Magnus Tumi Gudmundson, professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland.
A volcano can paralyze half of the Earth.
In the Russian World Fund wildlife(WWF) warn that the spread of the ash cloud could lead to a cooling of the earth for two to three years, after which there will be a sharp warming in temperature.
In addition, airborne ash particles interfere with the passage of sunlight to the surface of the earth, which can greatly affect future crops by slowing down plant growth. But volcanic ash is an excellent fertilizer for the soil.
70 thousand years ago in Indonesia, the eruption of the super-volcano Toba almost killed the then wild humanity. The ash thrown into the air enveloped the entire planet and launched the process of global cooling. According to scientists, no more than 15 thousand ancestors survived. modern man which laid the foundation for our entire civilization.
The Tambora eruptions in Indonesia in 1815 led to a decrease in the average global temperature by 3 degrees Celsius. There was no summer in Europe or North America the following year, notes climate program manager world fund Wildlife (WWF) Russia Alexey Kokorin.
A cloud of ash from the volcano Krakatau, which exploded in 1883, circled the Earth twice. And for several years on the whole planet average temperature dropped a few degrees.
The mechanism of "volcanic winter" is this: when the concentration of ash particles in the atmosphere is high, they become a screen - they reflect the sun's rays and prevent them from heating the air.
In this case, another negative factor that can affect not only Iceland is the appearance of the so-called ash fall, as a result of which large areas can be covered with a layer of ash. Forecasters predict that the ash can spread not only to the European part of Russia, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also further.
Icelandic geophysicist Einar Kjartansson says: “It is quite possible that ash emissions will continue at a similar intensity for several days, or even several weeks. However, the question of whether this will interfere with transportation will depend on the weather, on which direction the wind blows ash"…
Aleksey Kokorin is sure that the volcanic eruption in Iceland will slow down the rise in temperature in the world, moreover, for several years at once, but then a sharp warming will begin. After all, it will not reduce the anthropogenic increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
WILL HECL VOLCANO RUN?
Icelandic volcanologists have proposed an even more frightening scenario: the activity of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano can wake up more large volcano, located nearby. If Eyyafyatlayokudl erupts for at least another month, it is very likely that its magma will fall into the craters of its "big neighbor" Katla (Katla), which is located somewhat to the east. “Katla volcano has been unusually quiet in recent decades. Therefore, we will not be surprised if in the near future time will happen the eruption is much more powerful than we are seeing now. This will lead to real chaos,” said volcanologist Hansdottir.
SAVE YOUR HEALTH!
The UK Department of Health advises citizens not to leave their homes - particles of volcanic mud have already begun to fall on the country.
WHO officials said they do not know for sure whether the ash threatens people's health. However, WHO spokesman David Epstein suggested that the microscopic particles of volcanic ash are potentially dangerous, as they can cause problems in people with lung diseases.
Deputy Director for Scientific Affairs of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkady Tishkov believes that there is nothing terrible in the eruption for Russia. Yes, volcanic emissions entered the atmosphere, and they will affect the climate, and if they fall on the ground in the form of precipitation, they will slightly oxidize the rains and cause problems for people with diseases of the respiratory system and digestion. Tishkov says: "Locally, acid rain can fall, but in the capital there are rains with higher acidity." According to Tishkov, if Moscow falls into the zone of volcanic emissions, then it is necessary to use masks and carry out wet cleaning.
Scientists also fear that a cloud of volcanic ash, which has already covered Europe and paralyzed air traffic in a significant part of it, may pose a danger to wildlife. As experts from the Institute of Geosciences at the University of Iceland explained, the cloud contains large concentrations of fluorite, a mineral that is used, in particular, in metallurgy and the chemical industry, as well as in ceramic production. For animals, this substance can be extremely dangerous.

VOLCANOPSYCHOSIS
"It's just that the cloud went to the densely populated territories of Europe, so so much attention to this active volcano. We have had more powerful eruptions volcanoes in Kamchatka, but there was no such discussion, no excitement - cloud emissions occurred in sparsely populated areas or in the oceans," Tishkov said.
According to Tishkov, what is happening now in Europe cannot be called a panic in the full sense of the word, but one can already speak of a "certain psychosis".
According to Tishkov, although the volcano, in addition to ash, also emits toxic gases - chlorine-containing, sulfurous, ammonia gases, however, they can only affect the immediate surroundings.
"There should not be any apocalyptic moods, this is an absolutely ordinary event," Tishkov said. "This is not the most powerful volcano, and emissions were in relatively low layers of the atmosphere."
NUDE WOMEN PROVOKING VOLCANO ERUPTIONS?
One of the leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Kazem Sediki, said during the traditional Friday prayer in Tehran that "lechery, vicious robes give rise to earthquakes, eruptions and other natural disasters."
According to the opposition newspaper Aftab-e Yazd, Sediqi said: "Many women dress to show off their virtues. This causes young people to deviate from the true path, soil their chastity, initiate extramarital sex in society, which leads to an increase in the frequency of earthquakes. Cataclysms are the result of human actions, we have no other choice but to turn to Islam for protection from all these misfortunes
NORWEGIAN PILOT THINKS IT'S PARANOIA
This is stated in an interview with the Norwegian Daglbladet with an experienced Norwegian aviation pilot Per-Gunnar Stensvog from the Arctic Tromso. A pilot with 35 years of experience believes that organizations that have closed air traffic over Europe, paranoid and flying is not in danger.
“Often we get “black snow” in eastern Norway from industrial emissions in Germany, but we continue to fly,” Siensvåg says. The pilot does not see anything terrible and threatening in air pollution by volcanic ash.
FINANCE SING ROMANCES
A volcano with a difficult name has caused conflicts in travel companies. Travelers are demanding a refund. However, most often they are refused - sorry, force majeure.
The same opinion is shared by Rospotrebnadzor of Russia: the head of the Consumer Rights Protection Department O. Prusakov confirmed that tourists whose flight was impossible due to the eruption of the Icelandic volcano cannot demand a refund from the tour operator Money for unused days in hotels, as the change in the dates of the tour occurred due to force majeure.
Airlines have suffered losses worth billions of dollars.
IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY OF THE “GOLDEN BILLION”
First of all, the global corporations and cartels that transport especially valuable cargo for them, the security of which can be most firmly ensured by air transportation, will suffer. Weapons, drugs, precursors, raw materials and equipment for them, antiques, money, securities - contracts, shares, bills, etc., electronic media with secret information - the results of state and industrial espionage, secret mail , precious metals, radioactive materials and devices, listening equipment, classified chemical materials, including GMOs and bioadditives, various prestigious luxury items: crocodile skin, ostrich feathers, jewelry, gems, collections of fashionable clothes and shoes, furs, high-quality spices, anti-aging medicines, which are urgently needed by the elderly rulers of the world, exclusive sex toys, expensive prostitutes, an undercover network, members of the club of billionaires, top officials of states and the like.
The exploitative system of the world economy is threatened with total collapse.

The god of fire showed his face.
The Icelandic volcano is now erupting from three vents. They showed up in contrast in a picture taken in thermal rays, and formed a kind of nightmarish physiognomy - either the devil, or the god of fire. View from space.

Based on materials from the Internet media
Olga Olenich