At what speed is the plane moving km h. Flight altitude of different types of aircraft. How fast is the plane flying

The speed characteristics of the aircraft on the way show different values, but these parameters do not match the figures that are indicated in the technological papers. Such criteria are measured by the flight altitude and the direction of the course of the liner, and the pilot does not influence such values - they are set by the dispatcher. In addition, air currents also influence here, which significantly affects the acceleration during flight. Finally, the path factor is known, which measures the speed of an airliner in relation to the surface of the earth. Let us clarify some details of this issue.

Since aircraft movement coefficients measure travel time, such data become important criteria in the development of new aircraft models. We will consider step by step the question of what speed an aircraft has when flying - after all, a similar problem occupies both aviators and passengers. Note that modern modifications of liners are able to move at rates of 210–800 kilometers per hour. However, this value is not the limit of possibilities.

Supersonic aircraft move much faster. breaks the barrier of 8,200.8 km/h. True, now such ships are not operated in civil aviation due to an insignificant guarantee of safety. In addition, the following nuances served as the reason for the refusal here:

Design Difficulties. The streamlined shape of ultra-high-speed vessels is difficult to combine with the dimensions of the passenger side.
Excessive fuel consumption. Such models consume an increased amount aviation fuel as a result, air tickets for passengers on such flights are more expensive than regular flights;
Lack of airfields. There are not many landing sites in the world that are capable of allowing the landing of a supersonic aircraft.
Frequent breakdowns. Exceeding the permissible limits of speed indicators is fraught with mandatory unscheduled diagnostic and repair work.

Taking into account a considerable number of other reasons, the lack of sufficient safety for passengers remains the key point in refusing to operate an aircraft of this type.

World board classification

Aviation specialists have several varieties and models of aircraft: according to the parameters of the wings, the type of landing gear, the nature of the takeoff. According to the pace of movement, aircraft are divided into 4 types. Here, aviators distinguish subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic models.. Note that modern civil Aviation uses liners of the first category, although in some European states designers are testing modifications of the sides of the second group.

Leadership among hypersonic models today went to the X-43A drone, which belongs to NASA. The device moves with an indicator of 11,231 kilometers per hour. For comparison, civilian airliners are gaining up to 900 kilometers per hour. Earlier for passenger traffic used only two supersonic ships. This is the Tu-144 model and the Concord liner. But today, manufacturers are working on new modifications that will soon begin to be used.

Today, cases of unfinished versions of supersonic aircraft are known. Here, an example is the modification of the Boeing Sonic Cruiser. The developers could not finish the project that had been started for various reasons. In addition, in America, the law prohibits flights on boards that break the sound barrier. However, in the EU countries there is no such prohibition if the device does not cause a sonic boom.

Acceleration rate of transonic airliners equal to speed sound, and supersonic and hypersonic models - exceeds this value. These aircraft are used today in the military industry. The speed characteristics of attack aircraft, fighters and drone bombers are equal to those of spacecraft. Hypersonic developments are rarely exploited so far. Their movement capabilities are an order of magnitude superior to those of transonic models. The first liner with a similar functional load appeared in the early 60s in America. It was used for space flights, as the board gained more than a hundred kilometers in altitude.

Speed coefficient of civil aviation

Aviators divide the acceleration ability of passenger liners into cruising and maximum performance. Please note that this value is a separate criterion that is not compared with the sound barrier. With the values of cruising parameters, aviators note that the values of the flight rate here are 60% lower than the declared criteria for the maximum values of the aircraft movement. After all, a ship with passengers will not develop the full power of the engine.

At different models airliners speed characteristics are different. Tu 134 moves at 880 km / h, Il 86 - at 950. Most people ask how fast a Boeing passenger plane flies. Such boards are gaining acceleration from 915 to 950 kilometers per hour. The highest value for a modern civil airliner today is approximately 1,035 kilometers per hour. Definitely, such parameters are less than the speed of sound, but at the same time, the developers have achieved stunning results.

In the technical documentation, the designers indicate both acceleration values. average speed passenger aircraft calculated by the developers from the value of the maximum indicator. This figure is up to 81% of the highest flight rate.

If it's about passenger airliners, such vehicles are characterized by low cruising and maximum speeds. We give the following characteristics of certain models of liners, where the values \u200b\u200bare indicated in km / h:

Airbus A380: highest score - 1019, cruising acceleration - 900;
Boeing 747: limit value - 989, flight standard - 915;
IL 96: maximum speed - 910, cruising value - 875;
Tu 154M: highest acceleration - 955, normal pace - 905;
Yak 40: maximum criterion - 550, normal speed - 510.

Boeing is now building an aircraft capable of accelerating up to 5,000 kilometers per hour. But you should not count on the maximum movement of the liner during the flight, because pilots fly at an average speed for the safety of airline customers and to avoid wear on engine parts.

Boeing 737 Takeoff Power

It is important to figure out how fast it takes off airplane. Almost every liner lifts off the ground in accordance with individual technical parameters. In this case, the lifting parameters exceed the weight of the aircraft, otherwise the ship will not leave the runway. Consider the details of this procedure using an example. A similar process occurs in the following sequence:

RPM set. The movement of the aircraft begins when the engine reaches approximately 810 rpm. The pilot gently releases the brakes while keeping the control lever in neutral.
Acceleration. The aircraft is gaining speed indicators when the board is moving on 3 wheels.
Takeoff from the ground. To take off, the ship accelerates to a value of 185 kilometers per hour. When the required indicator is reached, the pilot slowly pulls back the handle, which leads to deflection of the flaps and raising the nose of the side. After that, the liner continues to move already on 2 wheels.
Climb. When the above actions are performed on the part of the pilot, the liner moves until it picks up acceleration of 225 kilometers per hour. When the required value is reached, the aircraft takes off.

The takeoff speed of an aircraft depends on the mass of the model - for the Boeing 737 this figure is 225 km / h, and for the Boeing 747 - 275 km / h

True, the latter indicator varies depending on the modification of the aircraft. The Boeing 747 is able to take off from the ground at a value of 275 kilometers per hour, and the Yak 40 takes off when the instruments show a figure of 185 kilometers per hour. Readers will find information about civilian boards here.

The nuances of lifting off the ground

For the correct operation of airliners, it is important for designers to identify the rate of modification of the aircraft during climb. This process lasts from the moment the aircraft moves along the runway to the full separation of the aircraft from the earth's surface. will succeed if the lift mass exceeds the aircraft weight values. For different brands and models, these indicators are different.

The speed of the passenger board during takeoff is also influenced by external factors: wind direction, movement of air masses, humidity and surface quality. runway

To tear off the landing gear from the asphalt, you need a huge force of the aircraft, and this result will be achieved with sufficient acceleration of the aircraft. Based on the foregoing, for heavy liners, such indicators are higher, and for light ones, they are lower. In addition, the following nuances affect this process:

wind direction and speed;
airflow;
humidity;
the structure and serviceability of the runway.

Sometimes situations arise that the maximum speed characteristics are not enough for takeoff. Usually for similar cases characteristic gusts of wind against the movement of the side. Here, lifting off the ground will require a force that is twice the standard values. In reverse situations, when a tailwind blows, the liner will need to develop speed to the minimum parameters.

Landing

The most responsible process of the flight is the landing of the aircraft. Before landing, the pilot takes the aircraft to the airfield and prepares for landing. This procedure takes place in several stages:

gradual decrease in height;
straightening;
mileage retention.

The speed during landing of the liner is determined only by the mass of this side

For aircraft with a high mass, landing starts from a height of 25 m, and for light models, landing is also available from nine meters. The speed of a passenger aircraft during landing approach is directly determined by the weight of the airliner.

Pilots do not often develop top speed due to the observance of the necessary precautions. Therefore, it is not reasonable to hope that the flight time will be minimal due to the high speed parameters of the model. Here it is appropriate to focus on the cruising value of acceleration.

The Question of Learning Speed passenger liner interesting for both aviators and ordinary people- after all, this indicator determines the flight time
Today, the NASA X-43a drone has become the leader among hypersonic models, the speed of which exceeds 11,000 km/h.
Modern liners distinguish between maximum and cruising speed, and during the flight the aircraft produces 60 - 81% of the maximum resource
Among the achievements of the designers of the USSR is the passenger supersonic liner Tu-144, the speed of which exceeded 2,000 km/h

Everyone knows that planes fly on high altitudes, but which ones, most people cannot answer. This article details what is average height flights of passenger aircraft, why it is such and on what factors the flight at one or another height depends.

How high can an airliner fly?

At what altitude does a passenger plane fly? The flight level in civil air transport has long been calculated and determined by the design engineers of aeronautic vehicles. On average, it is 9-12 km above the ground. This is due to the fact that at a given distance from the earth's surface, the air space is very rarefied, respectively, air resistance is minimized. The temperature outside is about -50 degrees, which contributes to the rapid cooling of running engines, and their overheating is not allowed. Airplanes at higher altitudes use less fuel and travel faster. Also, birds do not fly at this distance, which means that there will be no interference with movement.

A certain flight standard operates around the world, where it is established at what height a passenger aircraft flies. When the aircraft moves to the west, the flight altitude is determined by even values: 10-12 km. When flying to the east, the echelon is calculated according to odd parameters: 9-11 km above the ground. This division of heights is due to the fact that unforeseen air crashes are avoided. After all, in the air it will be almost impossible for large-sized ships to disperse and avoid collisions.

What determines the flight altitude?

The level of aircraft is not determined by the captain during the flight, but is calculated by the specialists of the dispatch service in advance, even before the airliner is sent on a flight. At what altitude does a passenger plane fly? It depends on the following factors:

weather;
direction of movement of the vessel;
aircraft weight and characteristics;
route length;
flight duration;
wind speed at the earth's surface.

When emergency situations the aircraft commander is obliged to coordinate his actions with the controllers, since any uncoordinated movements may endanger others aircraft.

Maximum flight altitude of a passenger ship

All civil airliners are required to fly at the established level and not exceed the bar of 12 thousand meters, as this may lead to an accident in the air. The thing is that at an altitude of more than 12 km, the aircraft may begin to fall sharply down, as it will be difficult for the engines to function in a highly discharged airspace. Because of this, fuel consumption increases sharply, which is extremely unprofitable for both carriers and passengers.

The flight altitude is determined using a barometer installed on board the aircraft.

What is the "ideal height"?

There is such a thing as the ideal flight altitude, that is, the ratio of speed and fuel consumption during the movement of the aircraft. It is at an altitude of 10,000 meters that optimal performance is achieved. However, do not think that this is a fixed value. During the entire flight, the altitude may change depending on some factors, for example, air pockets, bypassing thunderclouds (above or below them), and so on.

During takeoff, an airliner consumes a huge amount of jet fuel, as the machine is heavy and large in size. But when the required altitude level is reached, where the air is discharged, the operation of all systems is optimized, and jet fuel begins to be spent economically.

Flight altitude of different types of aircraft

At what altitude do Boeing passenger planes fly? The calculation of flight parameters depends on the speed that the airliner is capable of developing. Thus, Boeing passenger aircraft fly at a speed of 900-950 km / h, respectively, their flight altitude will be 9-10 km. With these parameters of aircraft movement, it is possible to overcome long distances with minimal fuel consumption. "Boeings" can reach speeds of up to 1100-1200 km / h, but it is not profitable to constantly fly them.

At what altitude does a passenger plane fly? Some aircraft operating charter flights, can reach a height of 13,000 m and above, since the characteristics of the vessel allow it.

Cargo liners fly in the same way as passenger ones: at a speed of 900-1000 km / h and at an altitude of 9-10 thousand meters.

Military aircraft are more maneuverable than passenger aircraft and reach speeds of up to 2,500 km/h on average. So, the height of their flight will be equal to 25 km above the ground.

Very small and light aircraft used to irrigate fields or extinguish fires fly at a speed of no more than 300 km / h and at an altitude of 1000 to 2000 meters.

Conclusion

In aviation, the optimal parameters for the speed and altitude of aircraft flights, correlated with the density and air resistance, have been developed and calculated. Each aircraft has its own "airways", which it must adhere to in order not to interfere with the flight of another airliner. The captain of the aircraft may deviate from the set course due to certain circumstances, but only with the approval of the controller from the ground.

The article considers the question of at what height a passenger plane flies. Answer: 9-10 km.

The speed of an aircraft is one of its most important technical characteristics, on which the flight time depends. Therefore, many are interested in what is the speed of a passenger aircraft. Modern passenger airliners fly at speeds of over 500-800 km/h. Speed supersonic aircraft 2.5 times higher, 2100 km / h, but these liners had to be abandoned for safety reasons, as well as for a number of other reasons:

Supersonic aircraft must be streamlined or else they may break apart at altitude. And to achieve this is difficult for a passenger airplane, because it is quite long.
Supersonic airliners do not consume fuel economically, which makes flights on them expensive and unprofitable.
Not every airfield has the ability to receive such machines.
Frequent maintenance required.

However main reason cancellation of flights supersonic speeds It's flight safety.

Previously, there were only 2 types of supersonic airliners: Tu-144 (USSR) and Concorde (English-French). Now aircraft manufacturers are also working on new models supersonic liners and perhaps we will find out about them in the near future.

Various Models passenger airplanes have different speed flights. IN technical specifications of any model, the maximum speed of the aircraft is indicated and cruising, which is close to the maximum, is approximately 80% of it. It is optimal for flights, because at the maximum, they usually do not fly.

If speak about passenger aircraft, then they all have a low cruising and maximum speed. Indicators of some models:

The Boeing Corporation is currently working on the creation of a passenger airliner that will be able to fly at speeds up to 5,000 km/h.

Airplane gaining speed during takeoff

takeoff conditions

For the operation of aircraft, an important role is played by the speed of the aircraft during takeoff, i.e. at the moment when it takes off from the ground. For different models, these are also different indicators. Indeed, to lift off the ground, a large lifting force is needed, and to create it, it is necessary high speed developed during takeoff. Therefore, heavy passenger aircraft have these figures more, and lighter models - less.

The table for each model shows average speed aircraft during liftoff, because it is influenced by several factors at once:

wind speed, its direction;
runway length;
air pressure;
air humidity;
runway condition.

Approach

Landing stages

The most important stage of the flight is the landing of the car. Before that, the liner goes to the airfield and comes in for a landing, which consists of several stages:

height reduction;
alignment;
keeping;
run.

Aircraft speed is one of the main technical parameters, which affects the duration of the flight. The effect of air currents, the direction of the course and the level of altitude determine what the speed of the aircraft will be at the time of flight. Speed indicators play an important role in the normal functioning of the liner, as well as in modeling and creating new improved models.

First developments

"Ilya Muromets" - the first civilian aircraft. Previously, they flew no more than 105 kilometers per hour. Modern passenger aircraft fly, overcoming 500-900 kilometers per hour, while this figure is not the limit.

Supersonic developments move much faster and significantly save time, therefore they are called high-speed ones. Their maximum speed is 8200.8 kilometers per hour. Due to the inability to provide a reliable level of security, they are not used to transport people.

There are several good reasons for this:

The complexity of modeling, since it is problematic to fit the streamlined shape of the side to the dimensions of a passenger ship;
Uses a lot of fuel. Accordingly, the more fuel costs increase, the total cost of tickets increases;
A small number of airfields with landing sites equipped for supersonic models;
The need for unscheduled diagnostics or repairs.

Today there are no functioning supersonic liners for transporting passengers. In the history of the structure of air transport, there were only two such models:

TU-144, flying about 2150-2300 kilometers in one hour. Was developed in the Soviet Union;
Concorde is a British development. He is able to overcome 2150 kilometers per hour.

Aircraft classification

Experts subdivide all models into different types depending on the parameters of the wings, their shape, location, type of chassis, engine, takeoff, etc.

Depending on the pace, movement is divided into four types:

Subsonic models - the Mach number is below 0.7-0.8 M.
Transonic models - is in the range of 0.7 (0.8) -1.2 M.
Supersonic models - is in the range of 1.2-5 M.
Hypersonic models - over 5 M.

IN modern aviation liners of the first group are used, and in several European countries - of the second group.

Models of the transonic group move at the speed of sound, while supersonic and hypersonic ones exceed this figure by several times. These aircraft are used only in the military industry.

Passenger aircraft speed

The flight speed of airliners is divided into two indicators:

maximum (100%);
cruising (60-80% of the maximum).

The board with passengers is not able to reach the maximum speed, so the cruising value is used.

Additional Information! The developers indicate both values \u200b\u200bin the technical documentation for the model (maximum and cruising speed).

How fast is the plane flying

Liners overcome the same distance for a different period of time. The table below shows in more detail what speed a passenger aircraft can develop in flight and its purpose.

Characteristics of passenger air transport

Attention: The internal data of table “22” is corrupted!

The takeoff speed of the liner depends on its individual technical performance.

Takeoff sequence:

Set engine speed. The aircraft begins to move when the engine performs about 810 or more revolutions per minute.
Speed set. The movement of the vessel on three wheels with a gradual increase in power along the runway.
Separation from the surface of the earth. In order to take off, he needs to accelerate to the mark of 185 kilometers per hour.
Height is gaining. As soon as it reaches the mark of 225 kilometers per hour, takeoff begins.

Important! The speed at the time of takeoff directly depends on the weight of the model, for the Boeing 737 this parameter is 225 kilometers per hour, and for the Boeing 747 it should be 275 kilometers.

Nuances at separation from the surface

The correct operation of the vessel depends on the accuracy of the calculation of its speed at the time of lifting into the air and climbing. This value includes the speed at all stages of movement, starting from the moment the aircraft moves along runway and ending with its separation from the earth's surface. Average speed modern aircraft at the time of separation differs depending on the model. Some values of different types are given in the table below.

The average speed of the liner at the time of takeoff from the ground

Attention: The internal data of table “23” is corrupted!

The acceleration index at the moment of separation from the earth's surface is affected by the following factors:

direction, as well as the rate of movement of air masses;
the length of the runway, as well as its structure and condition;
humidity level;
air pressure.

Due to strong gusts of wind of the opposite direction, it is not enough to develop the maximum acceleration of the vessel for a full take-off. To take off, you need to develop a speed twice the usual value. If the wind is fair, a minimum acceleration is sufficient.

Landing nuances

Landing an airplane is no less important than taking off. It includes several stages:

lowering the level of height;
unit alignment;
keeping it in a stable position;
mileage.

Aircraft with a large weight should start landing from a height of 25 m, and with a small mass - from 9 m. Their acceleration depends on the mass, as well as landing conditions. As soon as the lifting force is below the weight of the liner, it will begin to gradually lower its altitude, land on runway and will slow down to a complete stop.

Video

Knowing the cruising speed, you can independently calculate how long the flight of a passenger flight will take.

It seems that the distances from the Earth to other planets and celestial bodies are not so great. "Inexperienced cosmonauts" even suggest that the distance from the Moon to the Earth takes only a few days.

But the Moon is not of much interest to earthlings. Mars is unexplored and mysterious, which leads to many questions.

What is interesting is how long the flight can take, and what is the distance between Earth and Mars.

In the night sky, you can see a star that has a bright red color. This is Mars, which is not far from the Earth, given the length of the path to other planets in the solar system.

The shortest distance between Mars and Earth is determined by the position of the planets in their orbits.

This position is called opposition. Opposition arises once every 2 years.

How is the distance from Earth to Mars determined in kilometers:

At the moment of opposition between the two planets, the gap is 55 million km.
The largest gap may be 401 million kilometers.
The average distance is approximately 225 million kilometers.

Space agencies of all countries of the World are engaged in constant calculations that help determine the minimum number of kilometers between our home and the "red planet".

Using such data, it is possible to launch shuttles and rovers to study the red neighbor.

How long does it take for a person to fly to Mars?

If you determine the mileage between the planets, it is possible to calculate the flight time too.

Many are interested in why humanity has not visited a nearby planet? There are many reasons, but basically everything concerns the flight time.

How much to fly to Mars for a person, taking into account certain nuances:

When calculating the time, scientists indicate the flight time is approximately 150-300 days.
The flight time depends on the speed of the planets in their orbit.
The speed of the spacecraft will depend on the quantity and quality of the fuel - the more fuel, the faster the flight will be.

Science videos talk about all the nuances and problems of a human flight to Mars. Unfortunately, these are exclusively computer models and calculations.

Attention! Human flight to Mars is not carried out for various reasons, which are associated with the imperfection of spacecraft, the poor knowledge of the planet and the huge cost in the preparation process.

In the near future, a human flight to the “red planet” is planned, which means that discoveries will occur that, in terms of historical value, will exceed even the achievements of Columbus.

How far is the planet in light years

To determine the distance between planets in light years, it is worth considering a few basic concepts and features.

The concept of a light year is rarely used in astronomy. In 2008, the definition was partially changed, but the principle remained the same.

Light years are measured in meters, so the value is used to determine huge distances.

What should be considered when determining the distance in light years:

It is worth considering the distance of each orbit. More often take the average value: 225 million kilometers or 225×〖10〗^9 meters.
1 light year is approximately 9.46×〖10〗^15 meters.
Mathematical calculation is performed: (225×〖10〗^9)/(9.46×〖10〗^15). We get 23.8×〖10〗^(-6) years.

Determining the distance between Earth and Mars in light years is incorrect; parsecs and their derivatives are more often used.

Other units of measurement are not included in the official system of measurement.

Hypothetical time of flight at the speed of light of the satellite and rocket

The speed of light is fast enough to quickly cover vast distances. The distance is constantly changing and the flight time is determined.

At worst conditions it will take several hours to fly to the destination. The satellite will travel at a slower speed than the rocket. The rocket holds more fuel.

Note! In each case, the time depends on how far away the neighboring planet is at a certain moment. The Elon Musk rover flew for about 9 months.

If we move to a neighboring planet, measuring time and distance in earth years, then the flight will last 5-12 months.

The speed of the object must be at least 20 thousand kilometers in 1 hour. Need to focus on modern technologies and achievements of astronautics.

When the device moves at a speed of 299,792 km / s, it will be possible to reach the surface of the red planet faster.

The flight time will be …. at the speed of light:

How much to fly by plane

The dream of many space agencies is not only to send people to the red planet, but also to master it.

Space agencies plan to build prototype aircraft for space travel to the red planet and other objects.

Before calculating the time, it is worth deciding on the speed of the aircraft, the type of fuel and the amount of fuel. Only then will the data be as accurate and relevant as possible.

Fly on different types aircraft:

If you travel on a conventional plane, then the flight time may take several years.
On a supersonic aircraft, the distance can be covered in about 1 year, as well as on a rocket.
A cargo plane flies slower than a passenger plane, so the flight time will be more than 5 years.

In an individual case, it is necessary to take into account secondary factors that affect the speed: solar storms, space debris, radiation.

So far, flights on this type of transport seem to be an invention from the verge of fantasy.