Brief information about Indonesia. Where is Indonesia located, on which continent

Indonesia - where is the tourist country?

Indonesia is an exotic country where you can find absolutely everything for an unforgettable vacation. The location of the country on the world map is extremely unusual. Indonesia lies at the intersection of two oceans, where two civilizations come together.

Geographical position

Indonesia is located in South-East Asia and is its largest state. The total area of ​​the country is 1920 thousand km2. Thanks to this, Indonesia is also the largest island republic. extreme eastern and western points shares a distance of 5125 km.

The territory of Indonesia lies on the south and north sides of the equator, so the republic has a pleasant climate and rich nature. The country has the following coordinates: 5° 0' 0" (5° 0' 0) south latitude and 120° 0' 0" (120° 0' 0) east longitude.

Part of the country's territory is located on the island of New Guinea, and the second half lies in the Malaysian archipelago. There are more than 15,000 islands in the republic, each of which is of tourist value. 85% of these islands are uninhabited.

The land neighbors of the country are Malansia with north side and Papua New Guinea from the east. Indonesia belongs to the Lesser Sunda Islands group. The shores of the republic are washed by oceans, seas and numerous straits. South part island nation has access to Indian Ocean, the northern part is washed Pacific Ocean.

Indonesia's water neighbors are Singapore, Australia and the Philippines. The republic contains thousands of coral islands and reefs. Coastline country is 53,890 km. The China Sea separates Indonesia from Singapore.

Indonesia - interesting facts about the country:

• most of the islands of the republic today do not have a name;
• more than 10 million people live in the capital of the country;
• the inhabitants of the country speak 500 languages ​​of the world;
• there are more than 370 dormant volcanoes on the territory of Indonesia;
• almost all nutmeg supplies come from Indonesia;
• Indonesia is home to the unique Javan rhinoceros, which lives only here;
• in 2012, more than 180 species of new animals and plants were discovered in Indonesia;
• The main income of the island state comes from the tourism business.

Country of cultural values ​​and attractions

Borobudur Temple is located on the island of Java. The temple was built in the 9th century AD, it is distinguished by rectangular architecture, complex relief and mystical atmosphere.

Goa Gadja - unique cave, which is located in the depths of the jungle. Located in the eastern part of the state. The entrance to the cave has a complex relief and is made in the form of a painted elephant. Inside Goa, Goja has more impressive surprises for tourists.

national park Bali is a unique place that is rightly called the most beautiful beach islands. There are also unique tropical forests that are surrounded by white sands.

Batubulan is a world famous village that attracts travelers with its unique culture. Here you can witness symbolic dances and carnivals.

The Monkey Forest is a unique sanctuary for monkeys located in Ubud. Here tourists are waiting for a variety of representatives of the fauna. The forest is decorated with various statues. The main decoration is a large number of types of monkeys.

Temple Tanah Lot sacred temple Hindu religion. It is located on a cliff, has an original design and decoration. The temple is surrounded by turquoise waters and green vegetation.

Indonesia. Sights of Indonesia: list, description

The Republic of Indonesia is a state in Southeast Asia, on the islands of the Malay Archipelago and the western part of the island. New Guinea (Irian Jaya). It borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea. Indonesia consists of 18,108 islands, of which about 1,000 have a permanent population.

More than half of the territory of Indonesia is occupied by mountains. The highest point in the country - Mount Jaya (5029 m) is located on the island of New Guinea. In total, there are about 400 volcanoes, of which 80 are active. There are especially many volcanoes on the island of Java, and the highest of the active volcanoes, Kerinchi (height - 3800 m), is located in Sumatra.

Territory of Indonesia: 1904.5 thousand, km2 (with East Timor)

Indonesian population: 193.75 million people

Capital: Jakarta (more than 10 million inhabitants).

Other major city: Surabaya (more than 2 million inhabitants).

highest point: Punkak Jaya (5030 m).

Official language: Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia).

Mr. religions: Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism.

Currency unit: Indonesian rupiah.

State. Indonesia system: parliamentary republic.

Head of State of Indonesia: president, elected for a term of 5 years.

Legislature: People's Consultative Congress (every 5 years elects a president);

Administrative-territorial division- 25 provinces, the capital and "special region" - Yogyakarta (27 in total).

Export: oil and oil products, agricultural products, manufactured goods.

Import: industrial products, consumer goods.

Trading partners: Japan, USA, Singapore, Netherlands.

GNP per capita:$980 USA.

National Day of Indonesia: August 17 Independence Day (1945)

Borders: in the north with Malaysia (on the island of Kalimantan), in the east with papua new guinea(O. New Guinea), in the north it is washed by the waters of the Sulawesi Sea and the Pacific Ocean, in the south of the Arafura Sea, in the west of the Indian Ocean.

Short story

The formation of state formations on the territory of Indonesia took place already in the 1st-3rd centuries AD. e., however, the existence of the first states, whose names are known to science for certain - Kutai in eastern Kalimantan and Taruma in western Java, refers only to the 4th century. The first state whose territory spread over several islands was Srivijaya, founded on southern Sumatra at the end of the 7th century: having existed until the end of the 14th century, it controlled the entire territory of Sumatra, most of Java and the Malacca Peninsula during periods of its maximum power. These and other states that existed on the territory of Indonesia in the 4th-13th centuries experienced a strong cultural influence of India, the dominant religion in most of them was Hinduism. At the same time, Buddhism also developed significantly: it, in particular, was the state religion of the East Javanese principality of Mataram.

The largest, most powerful and socio-economically developed state of the pre-colonial period was the Majapahit empire, founded in 1293 in the eastern part of the island of Java. By the end of the 14th century, the territory or vassal possessions of Majapahit included most of the territory of present-day Indonesia. In the XIII century, an active spread of Islam began, penetrating mainly from the Malacca Peninsula and from the east coast of India. By the end of the 16th century, Islam had become the dominant religion in most of Indonesia, although in many regions there were pockets of Buddhism and Hinduism, as well as traditional local beliefs, the bearers of which, as a rule, coexisted quite without conflict with Muslims.

In the 19th - first half of the 20th century. the territory of Indonesia was a Dutch colony, which was called the Netherlands (or Dutch) East Indies. On August 17, 1945, the forces of the national liberation movement of Indonesia proclaimed the independence of their country. The official transfer of sovereignty over most of the Netherlands East Indies occurred on December 27, 1949. The territory of the province of Irian Jaya on about. New Guinea (called Dutch New Guinea by the Dutch and West Irian by the Indonesians) was under the control of the Netherlands until 1962. In 1963, after a short stay under the trusteeship of the UN, this territory came under the control of the Indonesian authorities, and in 1969 it was included by law in composition of Indonesia. In 1975, Indonesia sent troops to East Timor (a former colony of Portugal in the northeastern part of Timor Island), and in 1976 declared it a province.

Indonesia is a member of the UN and all specialized agencies of this organization, OPEC.

Geography

Indonesia is located between Southeast Asia and Australia and borders the Indian and Pacific oceans. extreme points Indonesia have the following coordinates: 6o08′ N, 11o15′ S, 94o45′ and 141o05′ E. The "linear" dimensions of Indonesia are 5120 km. from east to west and 1760 km. from North to South. The land area occupied by Indonesia is 1919317 sq. km., the maritime spaces of Indonesia are 7.9 million square meters. km, or 81% of the total area of ​​the country (in the official papers of the Indonesian government). The name "Indonesia" comes from the Greek word "Indos" meaning "Indian" and "nesos" meaning "islands". The group of islands that make up Indonesia is the largest in the world and has approximately 17,500 islands (according to other sources - 13,667 islands).

Relief of Indonesia

The territory of the country is predominantly mountainous. Indonesia's highest peak, Puncak Jaya, 5039 m, is located on the island of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) in the Sudirman Mountains. Other peaks with a height of 4700 to 5000 m are located in the Jayawijaya mountain range.

The "highest" islands besides New Guinea: Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi and Seram.

The highest peaks in Indonesia (other than Puncak Jaya):

• Leuser and Kerinci (Sumatra)
• Gede, Tangkubanperau, Chiremai, Kavi, Kelud, Semeru, Raung (Java Island)
• Lampobatang and Rantekombala (Sulawesi Island)
• Batur and Agung (Bali)
• Rinjani (Lombok Island)
• Tambora (Sumbawa Island).

Volcanoes and eruptions in Indonesia

In tectonic terms, Indonesia is a very unstable territory. However, volcanic eruptions bring their benefits - volcanic ash makes the soil fertile. There are about 400 volcanoes in Indonesia, of which 100 are active. Between 1972 and 1991 29 volcanic eruptions have been recorded, mostly in Java. The most powerful volcanic eruptions in Indonesia over the past 200 years are as follows. In 1815, the Tambora volcano on the northern coast of Sumbawa erupted, killing 92,000 people and changing the climate in many places on the globe (it was a “no summer” year). In 1883 there was famous eruption volcano Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait, 36,000 inhabitants of West Java died from the rising wave. The sound from the eruption was said to have been heard over a vast territory - as far as Turkey and Japan (hard to believe). Krakatoa erupted again two more times - in the late 1970s.

Climate

The climate in Indonesia is equatorial (the equator crosses the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi and the Moluccas) and subtropical monsoon. But these climatic characteristics are softened by the influence of the sea. The dry season is never dry in the full sense of the word. The exception is the territories located in the neighborhood of Australia. The rainy season is less regular and monotonous than in India. When the east monsoon blows (April - October), the dry season begins, which is most loved by tourists. The Western Monsoon (November-March) brings rain.

But everything is relative: there are almost as many types of climate in Indonesia as there are islands. On the same island, on one slope there may be a rainy season, on another at the same time a dry season. The situation may change if the wind changes direction. The ideal time to visit Indonesia is our northern summer, but, for example, in the Mollukki Islands at this time of the year the weather is the worst (storms and storms). In addition, the amount of rainfall depends on the forests. How more area forests, as in Sumatra and Borneo, the more often it rains. 4 m of precipitation per year is a record for Pontianak and Padang.

Population

97% of Indonesians are more than 150 close peoples who speak more than 1000 different languages ​​and dialects (Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Bataks, Malays, Balinese, etc.). Many tribes still do not know agriculture and live mainly by hunting (for example, the Papuans of New Guinea). There are also Chinese, Arabs, immigrants from South Asia. Indonesia is the largest Islamic state in the world. The majority of believers are Muslims, ch. arr. Sunnis (87.2%), there are Christians (9.6%), Hindus (mainly in Bali), Buddhists, Confucians; preserved traditional local beliefs. 2/3 of the population lives on the islands of Java and Madura. In some areas of the island of Java, the density of the rural population reaches 2,500 people per 1 sq. km (the highest value in the world for rural areas). 78% of the population lives in rural areas.

The country's economy Indonesia is an industrial-agrarian country with the largest plantation economy in Asia and a developed mining industry. Gross national product per capita fell in 1995 from $980 to $580.

The fall of the rupee in late 1997 and early 1998 led to a 13.7% decline in the Gross Product. Indonesia has rich deposits of various minerals: high-quality oil, tin, bauxite, nickel, manganese, lead, copper, zinc, chromium. Tin deposits have been found on the islands of Banka, Belitung, Sinkep and the southwestern regions of Kalimantan. Nickel deposits have been found on the island of Sulawesi, Halmahera, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya.

Manganese deposits are located in central regions Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Timor. Copper ore has been explored in the Jayavijzya mountains (Irian Jaya province).

The islands of Riau, Banka, Sinkei and Kalimantan have bauxite deposits; coal is mined in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Deposits of gold, iron, silver, sulfates have been explored. Large oil fields consistently provide raw materials for the national energy system.

The main sector of the national economy, light industry, operates on imported raw materials. Yarn factories are owned by foreign companies or the state, while companies selling finished fabrics are concentrated in Bandung and are owned by private capital.

Batik production is an Indonesian version of printed textiles, it is carried out in central regions Me you. Although most batik is produced at home, there are many industrial fabric manufacturing enterprises.

Traditional crafts are also preserved in the country: the production of batik (both industrial and handicraft), chased silverware, ceramic dishes, artistic bone carving, weaving of mats, hats, and much more). Foreign tourism is of great importance

culture

The modern culture of Indonesia is the result of the interaction of the traditions of different peoples who live in this country. In addition, a significant effect

Indonesian culture was influenced by Portuguese traders and Dutch colonists.

IN Everyday life Indonesians are guided by the principles of mutual assistance ("gotong royong") and exchange of opinion ("musyawarah"), which helps to come to an agreement ("mufakat").

Indonesian art is under a very strong religious influence. The traditions of the famous dance dramas of Java and Bali date back to Hindu mythology (influence of the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata can be seen in them).

In Indonesia, we recommend that tourists definitely see the local festivals, which are held everywhere and almost every month. The largest of them are the Galungan festival in Bali, performances of the Ramayana ballet in Java, the Feast of Silence in Bali, the Vesak Buddhist festival in Borobudur, and the Easter Parade on Larantuka Island.

Holidays, events, festivals in Indonesia

Due to the huge diversity of ethnic groups and the mixture of religions, Indonesia naturally has a huge number of cultural events taking place throughout the year. Many local holidays are no less colorful than big state events, so even in the absence of any official festivals, you can always get acquainted with many interesting folk traditions.

The main holidays in Bali Galungan festival(the date is not fixed, it takes place within 10 days), the spring festival in the temple of Pura-Besakih, Nyepi, or the Feast of Silence - is accompanied by many independent ceremonies: the purification of the temple deities Melasti, the expulsion of evil spirits Pengrupuk, Ngembak-Nyepi (Forgiveness Sunday), etc. Also of interest are the Pura Meru ceremonial festival, the famous Full Moon Festival at the temple in Chakranegara (June), the Perang-Ketupat rain festival (October-December), the Pujavali celebration and many others. And at the same time, one of the most important holidays is Hari-Nyepi, the Balinese New Year(the date is determined according to the Saka calendar, usually March) - it passes very quietly. On this day, from 6.00 to 6.00 the next day, it is not customary to leave the house and generally make noise - almost all establishments are closed, the streets are empty and almost all life freezes - locals celebrate this holiday with fasting and meditation.

independence Day(August 17) is celebrated with great pomp in every town and village, especially in Jakarta, accompanied by numerous carnivals and cultural events. The Jakarta Fair is held in June and lasts approximately three weeks. It is also worth visiting colorful and vibrant events - the Jalan-Jaksa Street Fair (August) and the International Cultural Performance (May). Theatrical performances are held on Sumba in February and March, returning to the era of civil war.

In Java, the performances of the traditional "Ballet Ramayana", usually held in the open theater of the Prambanan temple complex twice a month from May to September. Madura Island hosts the well-known bull races (August-September), ending with a colorful final run in

Pamekasane(September). You should definitely visit the four-day Buddhist festival Vesak in Borobudur, which is celebrated in honor of the Buddha's enlightenment.

Indonesian cuisine

Taking into account the ethno-cultural diversity of the country, its National cuisine in fact, it is a combination of cuisines from different regions, which have their own significant characteristics. At the same time, some dishes, originally specific to a certain area, have gained nationwide popularity. The culinary traditions of the peoples of Indonesia were formed under the active influence of the corresponding traditions of neighboring Asian peoples: the most noticeable in this regard is the influence of Chinese cuisine.

Rice is the main carbohydrate food almost everywhere; in some regions, corn, cassava, and sweet potato occupy a significant place in the diet. Traditionally, the food of most Indonesians is boiled or fried rice with various additives - as a rule, chicken, meat, seafood, tempeh, fresh or soaked vegetables appear in this capacity, which are either cooked with rice or served as a side dish (in this In the case of additives, they are called lauk-pauk - indon. lauk-pauk). The most common of these dishes is nasi goreng (Indon. nasi goreng, literally - "fried rice") - a kind of pilaf filled with almost any product. The most important ceremonial dish in many regions is tumpeng, a rice-shaped pyramid surrounded by various side dishes.

In Java and in some other regions, soups have become widespread - usually from chicken and offal. Krupuk is produced and consumed everywhere - chips made from starch, cereal, shrimp, fish or other flour. In enough large quantities various vegetables are used, taking into account regional agricultural specifics. In Java, gado-gado is very popular - a mixture of various vegetables, filled with peanut sauce. Tropical fruits are a common delicacy.

Spices and spices are widely used in food - primarily various types of pepper - as well as soy and peanut sauces. Both tea, which is drunk both hot and cold, and coffee are very popular. Alcohol is not widely distributed, especially considering that the majority of Indonesians belong to the Muslim confession. However, in a number of regions, traditional local spirits are produced, among which tuaka is especially popular.

Sights of Indonesia

1. City of Jakarta

The largest city in Indonesia, the capital. Located on the island of Java. Modern, densely populated, with high-rise buildings. Jakarta has the largest skyscraper in all of Indonesia. The city has about 20 major attractions: museums, a zoo, a planetarium. There are many hotels to be found here. different levels comfort.

2. City of Ubud

A city with traditional Indonesian architecture, located in the heart of Bali. It is considered its cultural capital. There are many different objects of interest to tourists in and around it. It is famous, among other things, for the widest range of spa services.

3. Java Island

Island of jungle and volcanoes. Most populated island in the world. It has rich history, traditions, many monuments. On it stands the main cultural attraction of Indonesia - the temple of Borobudur.

4. Bali Island

Tropical island with beautiful scenery and excellent service. There are hotels in Bali for every budget. Offers exceptional beach holidays and activities water sports sports. The traditional culture and crafts of the island are actively developing and give tourists the opportunity to get acquainted with all their diversity.

5. Monkey Forest in Ubud

The main attraction of the city. A reserve among the jungle, where monkeys live and move freely (about 600 individuals). The park has a temple, sculptures and paths. Tourists get the opportunity to be one on one with nature and its nimble inhabitants.

6. rice terraces in Bali (Jati Luvi)

In the very center of the island are rice fields, on which a popular cereal is grown in the traditional way, the old fashioned way. Here you can see the fields themselves, Mount Batukara and the temple of the same name. Opportunity to get acquainted with traditional Indonesian landscapes and slang culture.

7. Borobudur

Monumental Buddhist temple complex on the island of Java. World heritage site, protected by UNESCO. ancient monument, many hundreds of years lain under the ashes. Opened by restorers at the end of the 19th century. Place of mass pilgrimage. It has the greatest artistic value.

8. Prambanan

Temple complex in Java. Erected in the 10th century, restored in the 19th century. World heritage monument. The restored buildings are grandiose in height and carved stone decor, visible from afar. Decorated in a traditional Buddhist and Hindu temple style.

9. Elephant Cave (Goa Gaja)

Big Cave in Bali, one of the most famous tourist sites of the island. Contains many grottoes (about 15). The walls are decorated with carvings depicting elephants and mythical creatures. Probably, earlier it was of a religious nature and was a place of pilgrimage.

10. Bat Cave (Goa Lawah)

The cave is located in one of the six main temples of Bali - Goa Lawah. A whole community of bats lives in it, which every day, at sunset, fly out of the cave together. The tour should be planned for this time.

11. Komodo National Park

A group of islands united in a natural park. The main attraction is the mysterious monitor lizards roaming there. huge lizards,

Komodo dragons, saved from extinction and protected. During the tour you can observe them and other representatives of the local fauna.

12. Ujung-Kulon

Java Island National Park. It preserves the nature of the island in its original form and allows tourists to admire the rare Indonesian landscapes, untouched by man. The park is home to rare and endangered animals.

13. Bali Barat

National park in Bali. Inhabitants of land and coastal waters are protected and represent a wide variety of species. Almost the entire territory of the park is closed to tourists. When visiting the open area, you can go snorkeling and see rare marine life region.

14. Pura Tanah Lot Temple

Hindu temple, located very close to the coast of Bali. The building of traditional architecture is built on small island and is considered a cultural symbol of Indonesia. Steps leading to the temple are carved into the rock. At low tide, the island is connected to the land by a narrow shoal. Tourists are not allowed into the temple, only believers.

15. Pura Besakih Temple

The main religious building of the island of Bali. Located in the mountains, at the highest point of the island. The surrounding nature and buildings make up a unique composition that tourists can admire only from the outside. The complex architectural composition consists of 22 temples richly decorated with traditional stone carvings.

16. Temple of Luhur Uluwatu

One of the six most important and famous temples Bali. Is in unique place- beautiful and inaccessible. At the very top of the cliff there is an architectural ensemble. You can walk to it in an hour. Monkeys frolic in front of the temple. Views of the Indian Ocean open from the walls and the road.

17. Bogorsky Botanical Garden

Botanical garden in Bogor in Java. Considered the largest and oldest botanical garden in the world. Founded at the beginning of the 19th century. The garden collection represents all the diversity tropical plants from different places on the ground. A special decoration of the garden are ponds with lotuses and a greenhouse with orchids.

18. Mount Gunung Bintan

Landmark of Bintan Island. The mountain is covered with jungle, rivers run along it and waterfalls flow. Tourists climb to the very top, to the observation deck. On the way, you can explore the local tropical flora and fauna, swim in the waterfalls.

19. Taman Burung Bird and Reptile Park

A natural park combined with a "new type" zoo - the inhabitants are in free open enclosures. Exotic birds roam freely in the park and give visitors the opportunity to watch them in an environment that is as close to natural as possible. The landscape arrangement of the park is rich and varied. Birds and tourists walk among the gardens, flowers and waterfalls.

20. Tirtaganga Water Palace

Architectural and park ensemble in Bali style. The palace was built in the mid-1950s and is a relatively young landmark of the island. Palace buildings and many reservoirs are built on the site of the "holy river". Both locals and tourists willingly spend time in organized baths. In numerous ponds, carps live and lotuses bloom. The entire area is richly decorated with sculpture.

21. Taman Sari Water Castle

Taman Sari is located on the territory of the palace complex of Yogyakarta, not far from the city of the same name. It is a complex of fifty buildings, some of which have been restored. The castle was built by the Sultan for himself and his family. The architects paid special attention to water: the castle had a complex system of sewerage, fountains, bath complex. The monument is protected by UNESCO, has world significance and value.

22. National Monument

The 132-meter tower, installed in Jakarta, is a symbol of Indonesia's independence from the colonial invaders of the past. Museums and an observation deck are arranged in the tower, from where a panorama of the capital opens.

23. Istiklal Mosque

The largest mosque in Southeast Asia. The name translates as "independence". The mosque was built after the end of the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia, where the majority of the population is Muslim.

24. Bromo Volcano

An active volcano on the island of Java. The height is about 2.5 thousand meters. It is accessible to tourists and is very popular with them. The crater of the volcano constantly smokes, eruptions occur from time to time.

25. Merapi Volcano

The most active volcano in Indonesia. Major eruptions this volcano follow regularly, with a period of 7 years. Small ones happen more often, but there is always a little activity. Volcano is majestic mountain black with smoke coming from the crater - a sight so majestic that it has become one of the favorites of tourists.

26. Volcano Krakatoa

Active volcano in the Sunda Strait. According to one version, it was his eruption that caused the separation of Java and Sumatra. Last eruption almost destroyed the island on which the volcano was located.

27. Lake Tobo (Toba)

A large lake of volcanic origin (formed on the site of an ancient volcano) on the island of Sumatra. The lake is inhabited by the local small Batak people, who have their own original culture and traditions. Tourists can combine traditional forms of recreation in the bosom of nature and learn about the features of the unique Batak culture.

28. Lake Bratan

beautiful Mountain Lake on the island of Bali. It is located among mountains and jungle, in a former volcano crater. On the lake is the temple of Pura Ulun Danu, built in honor of the goddess of the reservoir. The lake and the temple are a unique natural

architectural ensemble. The place enjoys considerable attention from tourists. On south coast lake is a water amusement park.

29. Sipiso Piso Waterfall

High sheer waterfall near Lake Toba. Its source is underground river, which finds an exit at the top of a cliff. Near the waterfall there are three viewing platforms, allowing you to enjoy the general view of a powerful water cascade and be directly next to it.

30. Waterfall Munduk

In the north of Bali is the village of Munduk and next to it is the waterfall of the same name. Not the highest (25 meters), but very loud - the noise can be heard from afar. A waterfall is a steep, dense stream of water falling vertically downwards with great pressure. It is located in the forest and is surrounded on all sides by greenery, the water flows beautifully among the greenery. There is a convenient observation deck.

• Indonesia is the largest Islamic country. Muslims make up about 87% of the population. However, these data are not official.
• Another feature of Indonesia is that this country has a very diverse culture, its inhabitants speak 580 languages ​​and dialects.
• Among the mind-boggling number of islands that make up Indonesia (and there are 17,508 of them!), only about 6,000 are actually inhabited. The largest islands of Indonesia are Java, Sumatra, New Guinea, Sulawesi (Sulawesi) and Kalimantan.
• There are also many active volcanoes on the territory of Indonesia, and people living here have to be constantly prepared for frequent earthquakes.
• In terms of total land area, Indonesia ranks 16th in the world.
• out of ten largest islands Three of the world's islands belong to the territory of Indonesia.
• Due to the abundance of green vegetation, Indonesia is a place of distribution and habitat interesting representatives flora and fauna.
• Sumatra is the sixth largest island in the world. In addition, this island ranks 5th among the most high island planets. · Indonesia accounts for the largest share of world nutmeg production.
• Tourism is still the main industry in Indonesia's economy. The main attractions of Indonesia include the tropical climate and rich culture of this country.
• It is believed that the highest point in Indonesia is Punkcak Jaya. It is located in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.
• Indonesia is home to the Javan rhinoceros, which is not found anywhere else in the world.
• The locals call their homeland "Tanah Air Kita", which means "Our Earth and Water".
• Bali has long been the most popular destination in Indonesia. beautiful scenery of this picturesque corner attract tourists and nature lovers from all continents of the globe. Tourists expect a lot of interesting things here. The greatest demand is for cultural events and dances, fine leather goods, and foot-tapping music. · Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, ranks 11th in terms of size and population density. This city has a large number of tourist attractions that attract visitors from all over the world.

Video

Sources

http://travelife.today/countries/indonesia/ http://travelask.ru/questions/9618-ekonomika-indonezii https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia https://www.votpusk.ru/ country/country.asp?CN=ID http://artex.com.ua/indoneziya/obshchee-description:9-1435-2/

Indonesia is a country located on many tropical islands. Each Indonesian island has its own unique culture, architecture, people and traditions. Indonesia has it all - jungles, rainforests, lakes, active volcanoes and, of course, paradise beaches. In Indonesia, you will meet friendly people, and you will also be able to see the sunrise over the most beautiful Buddhist temples.

Indonesia is located in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago that includes more than 17.5 thousand islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, and New Guinea (only 6 thousand of them are inhabited). Indonesia shares borders with Malaysia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea. Other nearby countries are Singapore, Philippines, Palau and Australia. The total area of ​​this country is 1,919,440 sq. km.

A significant part of the territory of the islands that make up Indonesia is occupied by mountains. The largest local peak is Mount Punchak Jaya on the island of New Guinea, which reaches a height of 4,884 meters.

The geographical position of Indonesia determines that this country has a very strong seismic and volcanic activity. those. Indonesia often experiences earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. However, special services can already predict all these cataclysms. In general, there are now about 150 active volcanoes in Indonesia, including the "famous" Krakatau and Tambora.

On the island of Kalimantan there are three most big rivers Indonesia - Mahakam, Barito and Kapuas.

The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta, which is now home to more than 9.7 million people. Archaeologists claim that a human settlement on the site of modern Jakarta existed already in the 1st century AD. However, the city itself was officially founded in 1527.

The official language in Indonesia is Indonesian, which belongs to the Austronesian language family.

More than 88% of Indonesia's population is Muslim (mostly Sunni Muslim). About 8% of the population of this country identify themselves as Christians.

Under the current Constitution of 1945, Indonesia is a parliamentary republic. Its head is the President, elected for 5 years.

The parliament in Indonesia is bicameral - the People's Consultative Congress, consisting of the Council of People's Representatives (560 deputies) and the Council of Representatives of the Regions (132 deputies). The country's parliament has the right to impeach the president.

The main political parties in Indonesia are the Democratic Party, the Golkar Party, the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, the Justice and Welfare Party, and the National Mandate Party.

The climate in Indonesia is equatorial with elements of subequatorial. In general, Indonesia is very hot and humid. Average annual temperature air is +27.7C. The average annual rainfall is 1,755 mm. The rainy season in this country is from October to April. However, there are also rains in the so-called. "dry season".

Some travelers like to relax in Indonesia during the rainy season (October-April). At this time, it usually rains in Indonesia in the evening for no more than 2 hours. The rest of the time, Indonesia is very hospitable. During this season, as a rule, hotel prices in Indonesia are much lower than during the dry season.

In Sumatra and Java, the rainy season lasts from November to March (rain falls in the afternoon). Best time for a trip to Java or Sumatra - May-September.

In Bali, the rainy season is from October to March. However, in Bali, there is a lot of sun and bright blue skies between the rain shower. Therefore, in Bali you can relax in the rainy season. The best months to visit Bali are from May to August.

Sulawesi Island, an amazing place for beach holiday, has two opposite climatic zones. In the southwest of this island, the monsoon period lasts from October to March, and in the north - from June to July. On the coast of Sulawesi, the air temperature can reach + 34C, and in the middle of the island, on a hill - + 24C.

Average air temperature in Bali:

January - +26C
- February - +26C
- March - +27C
- April - +27C
- May - +28C
- June - +27С
- July - +27С
- August - +27С
- September - +27C
- October - +27С
- November - +27С
- December - +27С

The shores of the Indonesian islands are washed by the warm waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Average sea temperature near Bali island:

January - +29С
- February - +29C
- March - +29C
- April - +28C
- May - +28C
- June - +28C
- July - +27С
- August - +27С
- September - +27C
- October - +27С
- November - +27С
- December - +27С

Some of the Indonesian islands have many rivers. The largest rivers flow through the island of Kalimantan (these are the Mahakam, Barito and Kapuas rivers). The island of Sumatra is home to the largest volcanic lake on Earth - Lake Toba.

On the territory of Indonesia, the ancestors of modern people lived already during the Lower Paleolithic (Javanese ape-man and Flores man). Approximately 45 thousand years ago, Homo sapiens appeared on the territory of modern Indonesia. Moreover, Indonesia was inhabited by representatives of the Negroid and Mongoloid races.

The first states in Indonesia already existed in the 4th century AD. - Kutai and Taruma, and later - Srivijaya. To all these states big influence provided by India and Buddhism.

In the 13th century, the Majapahit empire reached its peak. At the same time, Islam began to spread in Indonesia.

Europeans arrived in Indonesia at the beginning of the 16th century. These were Portuguese sailors. Then the Dutch began to claim Indonesia, who formed the Netherlands East India Company in 1602. At that time, several states existed on the territory of modern Indonesia, among which the Sultanate of Mataram should be distinguished. Gradually, these states became colonies of the Netherlands.

Indonesia became a British colony in 1811. However, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain returned Indonesia to the Netherlands.

In the first half of the 20th century, Indonesians formed several political parties (for example, the Communist Party of Indonesia and the National Party).

In the spring of 1942, Indonesia (Netherlands East Indies) was captured by Japanese troops. The Japanese occupation of Indonesia continued until August 1945. It was in August 1945 that the independence of Indonesia was proclaimed. However, the Netherlands did not want to part with their colony, and unleashed hostilities. fighting ended only in 1950. Sukarno was elected president of the country.

In March 1968, the People's Consultative Congress elected Sukarto, who had previously commanded the ground forces, as president of Indonesia.

Since 2004, the President of Indonesia has been elected by direct universal suffrage.

The modern culture of Indonesia is the result of the interaction of the traditions of different peoples who live in this country. In addition, Portuguese traders and Dutch colonists had a noticeable impact on Indonesian culture.

In everyday life, Indonesians are guided by the principles of mutual assistance ("gotong royong") and exchange of opinion ("musyawarah"), which helps to come to an agreement ("mufakat").

Indonesian art is under a very strong religious influence. The traditions of the famous dance dramas of Java and Bali date back to Hindu mythology (influence of the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata can be seen in them).

In Indonesia, we recommend that tourists definitely see the local festivals, which are held everywhere and almost every month. The largest of them are the Galungan festival in Bali, performances of the Ramayana ballet in Java, the Feast of Silence in Bali, the Vesak Buddhist festival in Borobudur, and the Easter Parade on Larantuka Island.

The staple food in Indonesia is rice, but potatoes, corn, sago and cassava are common in the eastern part of the country. Naturally, very most Indonesian cuisine is occupied by fish and various seafood (oysters, shrimps, lobsters, crabs, squids). In addition, Indonesian cuisine cannot be imagined without coconut (oil is made from it, and the pulp is added to many dishes).

As for meat, beef and poultry are popular in Indonesia. Pork is only found in Chinese restaurants or in areas where few Muslims live.

Traditional Indonesian dishes are nasi goring (fried rice), mie goring (fried noodles), and gado-gado (vegetables with eggs in peanut sauce).

Indonesia has a wide variety of exotic fruits (jackfruit, durian, papaya, pineapple and mango).

The traditional alcoholic drink in Indonesia is tuak wine, which is made from palm red sugar. However, most Indonesians drink black tea because Islam forbids alcohol.

Rest assured that travelers in Indonesia are not bored. Of course, relaxing on the beaches under the Indonesian sky is a great pleasure. But sometimes you want to visit interesting places. There are a lot of such interesting sights in Indonesia. The top ten Indonesian attractions, in our opinion, may include the following:

1. Jine Yuan Temple in Jakarta
2. Museum of Puppets and Ritual Supplies Wayang in Jakarta
3. Botanical garden Kebun-Ray in Bogor
4. Sultan Kraton palace complex in Yogyakarta
5. Pura Besakih temple complex in Bali
6. Royal Tombs and Palace of Samosir Island
7. Istiklal Mosque in Jakarta
8. Orchid garden in Melak village, Kalimantan
9. The royal tomb of Gunung Kawi in Bali
10. "Temple thousand Buddhas» in Yogyakarta

The largest Indonesian cities are Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, Palembang, Semarang, Makassar, and, of course, Jakarta.

Due to its geographical position, Indonesia has excellent conditions for recreation. Tourists have long appreciated such islands in Indonesia as, for example, Bali and Lombok. However, some of the other Indonesian islands offer just as great a holiday opportunity. We advise you to pay attention to the islands of Papua, Lembongan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java.

Almost every hotel in Indonesia offers spa services. In general, many argue that the best spa treatments are done in Indonesia. Spa programs on the island of Bali are especially diverse.

Traditional Indonesian spa services include a milk bath ("Mandi susu"), which is considered the beauty bath of the princesses of Java, "Mandi luhur", "flower baths" (in warm water add petals of jasmine, gardenia, hibiscus, magnolia), which, as a rule, are the final stage of the spa session.

In addition, Indonesian spas include herbal wraps (used to remove impurities from the body and heal skin blemishes) as well as traditional massages.

Bamboo and coconut products (for example, baskets, rugs), wooden spoons, bowls, figurines, painted ceremonial masks, batik and ikat fabrics (as well as, for example, tablecloths made from these fabrics) are usually brought from Indonesia as souvenirs. , Wayang dolls, traditional Indonesian musical instruments ("gamelan", drums, bamboo flutes), tea.

Government agencies:
Mon-Fri: 08:00-16:00

Banks:
Mon-Fri: 08:00-14:30 Some bank branches are open longer.

Department stores and supermarkets in big cities:
Mon-Sat: 09:00-21:00 (shops close earlier on Sunday)
In small shops and markets, we recommend bargaining at the price of the product you like.

One of the largest states spread over the territory of Southeast Asia and the largest island country in the world is Indonesia. Its territory consists of thousands of islands spread out in the waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans.

The nature of this wonderful country impresses with its splendor and diversity. There are dozens of tropical forests here, where unusual plants and animals are found. And the blue lagoons, many kilometers of beaches, dormant volcanoes and orchards with tropical fruits have not left anyone indifferent.

Going to travel to Indonesia, the tourist has a unique opportunity to visit different historical eras. After all, some of the islands here are inhabited by tribes, the mysteries and traditions of which remain unexplored even by scientists. However, the capital of Indonesia, the city of Jakarta, is a modern metropolis with dozens of boutiques, beauty salons and bright lights.

Capital of Indonesia

The largest in area and densely populated city, at the same time the capital of this country is . It is located on the coast of the northwestern part of the island of Java. Officially, this city was founded in 1580, its area is 664 sq. km, and the total number of residents exceeds 9,600,000 people.

The vast majority of the inhabitants of Jakarta are Muslims, they are at least 85% here, followed by Catholics, Protestants, Hindus and others. Initially, Jakarta was called Sunda Kelapa, whose first settlers arrived here as early as the 4th century AD. And in 1527, the city was captured by Portuguese troops in order to build their own military fort here. However, the troops of the ruler Demak drove the Portuguese out of the city and they hurriedly left it. After that, Sunda Kelapu was conquered by English troops, and finally it was destroyed by the Dutch.

One of the most famous natural attractions of the capital of Indonesia is the park Taman Mini with an area of ​​more than 100 hectares. Here is the largest orchid park in Indonesia. In addition, dozens of tropical birds live here, so if you are planning to visit Jakarta, then you should definitely visit here.

Indonesia on the map

The total number of Indonesian islands reaches 18,000, of which only 6,000 are inhabited by people, and the rest are dominated by wild nature, and people there are rare visitors. The country is located between Asia and Australia, it is washed by two oceans and one sea. On the east side is the Pacific Ocean, on the south and west - the Indian Ocean, and the northern part of the country is washed by the South China Sea.

In addition to the coastline, where some of the best beaches in the world are located, the relief of most of the islands is mountainous.

Indonesia is also called a volcanic country, on its archipelago there are about 500 volcanoes, of which about 200 are active and can wake up at any moment. Among them is the world-famous Krokotau volcano.

Indonesia on the world map

The country is dominated by a subequatorial and equatorial climate. There is a rainy season on the islands, when there are prolonged downpours with thunderstorms. The longest and major rivers are barito, Mahakam And Capuas. Toro here it is the largest lake, which is also one of the deepest in the world, its depth is more than 500 meters.

Indonesia has a large number of reserved places And national parks , the total number of which reaches 350. Thanks to this, it is possible to increase the population rare animals and plants. Some of these parks are part of the World Heritage Site.

Indonesian flag

This is one of the most important symbols of the country, which consists of two horizontal stripes of the same size - red on top and white on the bottom. The flag has such colors due to the colors of the Majapahit kingdom, which ruled the country until the 14th century.

At the end of the Second World War, Indonesia became an independent state, and this happened on August 17, 1945. And the then authorities approved this red-and-white banner as a state symbol. And since that time, the flag has an unchanged shape, color and style. But after the approval of this symbol, there was a misunderstanding with the government of Monaco due to the external similarity of the flags of the two countries, but this protest was rejected due to the fact that the Indonesian state symbol is more ancient.

Indonesian guis is used on all naval ships of this country. This state symbol includes 9 red and white horizontal stripes, which is why it is also called the "War Serpent". Guyt also appeared during the reign of the royal dynasty of Majapahit, formerly a powerful maritime state that used similar flags on its ships.

According to Article 35 of the Indonesian Constitution, the flag of this country is officially called Sang Merah-Putih. For the first time, this state symbol was raised in front of Sukarno's house on the same day when the independence of the state of Indonesia was proclaimed.

Population of Indonesia

The number of Indonesians began to actively increase in the 19th century. According to the 1930 census, about 60.6 million people lived in Indonesia, in 1961 the population increased to 97 million, in 1971 it reached 119.2 million, and in 1990 - 179.3 million people. According to statistics, every year since 1990, the number of Indonesians has increased by 3 million people. According to official data, in 2004, 238.4 million people lived in the country, thanks to which this state ranks 4th in the world in terms of the number of living citizens.

Indonesia is a country where there is an active migration of the population from villages to cities. Compared with 1940, the total number of urban residents has increased 10 times. And in the 1990s, the increase in the urban population increased to 3.6%. According to statistics, today more than 50% of Indonesians live in cities.

If we talk about the ethnic composition of the country, then 40.6% of Javanese live here, 15% of Sundanese, 3.3% of Madurians and several dozens of different nationalities. Indonesia is one of the most populous countries in the world, with a total Muslim population of over 190 million.

The official language in the country is Indonesian. But the bulk of the country's inhabitants use other languages, the most popular of which are Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese and Batak. Many also speak Chinese, and English has gained wide popularity in tourism.

The constantly increasing population of the country is due to the low mortality of its citizens and the increase in the birth rate. The average life expectancy here is 68.9 years. However, in the last few years, the activity of population growth has begun to slow down, and this is due to specially designed family planning programs.

The country is unevenly populated throughout its territory, for example, more than 50% of all inhabitants of this country live on the island of Java and Mandura. The number of men and women in the country is approximately the same, and more than 60% of all Indonesians are able-bodied citizens.

On the islands of Bali, Sumatra, Lombok and some others, a small number of indigenous people live. And the efforts of the Indonesian government to solve the problem of sparsely populated areas were unsuccessful.

Indonesian time

The country is located in three time zones. Its Western part corresponds to the time (WIB) UTC + 7, the Central - (WITA) UTC + 8, and the Eastern (WIT) UTC + 9. Indonesian time is constant, the country does not switch to winter and summer.

Should I go to Indonesia?

And then :) Of course it's worth it, this is an incredibly beautiful country, a pleasant climate, and for every taste and at any time, these are friendly people, this is a great history and unbelievable places!

October 12, 2017 6:38:13 AM GMT+03:00

One has only to look at an expanded map of the world, and the eye is struck by the abundance of islands between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. being there Malay archipelago there are more than 18,000 of them. Several states of Southeast Asia are located on it: Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor. They are diverse both in economy and territory. island part Malaysia almost covers rich but tiny Brunei. Timor is lost among hundreds of other islands. However, it doesn't take much effort to find where Indonesia is located. A huge country stretched on both sides of the equator.

Indonesia on the world map occupies more than 1.9 million square kilometers. Its area ranks 14th among other countries and the first in Southeast Asia. The vast territory is divided into 32 provinces and two separate administrative divisions: the Jakarta metropolitan area and the Yogyakarta Special District. The capital is in Jakarta. Almost ten million people live there; population density is one of the highest in the world. However, in general, the archipelago is inhabited unevenly. For example, the map of Kalimantan is not full of circles of cities and villages indicated on it. Compared to Java, it is almost a deserted island.

Indonesians: population, religion, life

exceeded the figure of 237 million people. This is the fourth largest in the world. Nearly 300 peoples live here: Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese... The Papuans from New Guinea stand apart. The Chinese diaspora is numerous, numbering about 7 million representatives of this nation. IN major cities natives of India and the countries of the Arab East live.

Such an abundance of different peoples, diasporas and ethnic groups should have caused inevitable difficulties in communication. Moreover, unlike most of the former colonies, the language of the metropolis was not widely used here. However, the trade dialect Indon, an applied variant of the Malay language, was adopted by the authorities as the basis of Indonesian. An interesting fact: only 60% of the population knows the official language of the state of Indonesia. In everyday life, many communicate in their native language.

Islam in the life of the nation

Life of the Indonesians heavily regulated by many rules. Primarily religious. Tourists who have been there notice interesting facts in Indonesia. This is a Muslim country. About 80% of its inhabitants profess Islam. This affects behavior and clothing. It is not recommended to wear too revealing outfits, short shorts or skirts, to show your feelings too emotionally.

A characteristic feature is peaceful coexistence both within Islamic confessions: both between Sunnis and Shiites, and between adherents of Islam and followers of other religions. The state provides protection and support to Christians, Hindus and Buddhists. Confucianism is in the semi-underground. In relation to the Chinese and their culture, the country is pursuing a rather tough policy: this is due to some historical features.

How modern Indonesia was formed

On the world map, the state occupies a special geographical position. She spread out like between China and India. At a certain time, the whole region was called Indo-China. The cults of Indian gods are now forgotten. Rare Buddhist temples, this is just an interesting fact, an attraction. But until now, individual peoples profess the ancient religions of the islands - Hinduism and Buddhism. Islam penetrated here only in the XIII century. Gradually crowding out other beliefs, it to some extent allowed the country to be united and served as an additional factor in the struggle against the colonial aspirations of the European powers.

The struggle against the Europeans continued with varying success for almost three hundred years. Only at the beginning of the 19th century the country was finally conquered and, under the name of the Dutch East Indies, passed to the Dutch crown. Whites ruled the islands for a century and a half and never felt calm. During this time three liberation wars. The Europeans were technically superior to the Patriots. From the army, they ruthlessly destroyed the civilian population by entire villages. However, the national movement expanded.

In 1940, the Netherlands was on the side of the coalition that fought against the Axis countries, which included Japan. Army of the Country rising sun in just a month, she defeated the combined forces of the Europeans. They included contingents of the following countries:

1. Great Britain.
2. Netherlands.
3. Australia.
4. New Zealand.

The Battle of the Islands ended with the ignominious surrender of British Singapore. All of Indonesia came under the control of the Mikado. The geographical position did not save the famous sea fortress. The "Asia for Asians" policy pursued by the Japanese found wide support among Indonesian nationalists. They gained experience in administrative management and were able to concentrate some of the resources in their hands. Despite the fact that on August 15, 1945, the Japanese government announced its surrender, the nationalist leader Sukarno proclaimed the independence of Indonesia.

The war with the colonizers who returned to the island lasted 5 years. Sukarno received significant assistance from the USSR, which was counting on a new ally in Asia. Despite resistance, the area of ​​Indonesia controlled by parts of the national liberation movement was shrinking. But resistance grew and the Dutch were forced to leave the islands. In 1950 on the world map, Indonesia finally established itself as an independent republic. President Sukarno ruled until 1965, but his independent policy and course towards rapprochement with Soviet Union have failed. From the mid-sixties, the first president was replaced by Haji Mohammed Suharto, whose thirty-year rule determined the current appearance of the country.

Economy

Currently the Republic of Indonesia quite developed, agrarian-industrial power. This is one of the so-called Asian dragons with 8th place in the world in terms of GDP. Moreover, the industry provides 42% of income. Many European companies have moved their production to the island of Sumatra and, to a lesser extent, to Java. The active population is also employed:

Interesting Facts. Indonesia, with only 13% employed in industry, receives more than 45% of GDP from the industrial sector. The area of ​​agricultural land is 13% of the country's territory.

Tourism has not received priority development. The lack of developed infrastructure, natural conditions and the activity of armed Islamists do not help attract a large flow of tourists.

The archipelago has a hot, humid climate.. The Republic has not a very good geographical position. Indonesia is in a seismically active zone. Frequent volcanic eruptions. One of these eruptions happened in 1883, and more than one thousand people died. The main attraction is the island of Bali, interesting for lovers of the exotic. Nature is exceptionally diverse. More than 3 thousand biological species and about 18,000 species of fauna can be found in tropical forests. The fact of the existence of an animal or plant that was considered extinct is often confirmed here.

Significant amount hardworking population, rich natural resources, stable power and a strong army create the prerequisites for a future breakthrough in the economy and geopolitics. If Indonesia manages to gain access to modern technologies and create its own scientific base, this state may become one of the leading countries in the near future.