Edge of the sun. Southeastern Crimea. Everything you need to know about the Crimean peninsula

SOUTH EASTERN CRIMEA

Southeast Crimea- a coastal-mountainous region located in the southeastern part Crimean peninsula. The poetic toponym of Cimmeria is closely connected with the concept of South-Eastern Crimea. Cimmeria - legendary land, extending around Koktebel to the north, west and east for some not entirely certain distance, but probably to Stary Krym, Sudak and Feodosia, respectively. Eastern Crimea includes the following cities and towns: Koktebel, Novy Svet, Ordzhonikidze, Kurortnoe, Beregovoye, Morskoye, Primorsky. Each of these names is associated with numerous legends and ancient history.

Eastern Crimea is an amazing corner with majestic mountains, wild cliffs, mysterious grottoes and cozy fabulous blue bays. Here you can enjoy a bouquet of famous wines and cognacs, or champagne from the cellars of Prince Golitsyn. The visiting cards of these places are Novy Svet, Koktebel, Sudak and Feodosiya and, in contrast to them, many kilometers sandy beaches Sea of ​​Azov on the Kazantip Peninsula. Genoese fortress, Bald Mountain and Golden Beach, Kara-Dag and Uzyn-Syrt, resort towns and wonderful nature - all this is Eastern Crimea.

Eastern Crimea is a literary Koktebel, where all the paintings and events are built around the House of the Poet, this is Feodosia with its Cimmerian artists and Old Crimea with Green's first and last house. These are the Demerdzhi and Karabi passes, the rocks of the New World, undersea world in the bays of Kara-Dag or fabulous hang-gliding.

Three quarters of the Eastern Crimea are steppe plains with rich black earth soils. Geography teachers who are not devoid of imagination compare the mountain range of the South-Eastern Crimea with the back of a whale emerging from the sea or that huge fish that Sinbad the Sailor mistook for an island. From long lying on the surface, her back was overgrown with trees, lakes appeared on her, waterfalls rustled and even people began to settle.

The region of the South-Eastern Crimea includes many attractions, among them I would like to highlight:

- Genoese fortress, Sudak. The Genoese fortress is a monument of medieval architecture of world significance, the only Genoese citadel that has survived in the Crimea. Built by the Genoese between 1371 and 1469.

- grotto of Chaliapin, n. New World. An amazing grotto with a centuries-old history is now called Chaliapin's Grotto. The name of the grotto is associated with the visit of the famous singer. He liked to visit his friend the count, and of course, he could not ignore the grotto along with its contents.

- House Museum of Maximilian Voloshin, town. Koktebel. The house-museum of Maximilian Voloshin is perhaps the only museum in the world that survived the wars and preserved the mystery and charm of the Silver Age in the atmosphere of the life-creation of its owner.

- Feodosia National Art Gallery them. I.K. Aivazovsky, Feodosia. Feodosiya National Art Gallery. I.K. Aivazovsky - one of the oldest art museums in Ukraine, a unique, world-famous museum of marine painting, the first public museum in Ukraine.

Extinct volcano Kara-Dag, town. Koktebel. The Kara-Dag volcano is the oldest volcano in Europe with a respectable age of 140 million years. His sea ​​coast is a group of bays of amazing beauty, many of which can only be reached from the sea. These bays are closed by overhanging rocks up to three hundred meters high with underwater grottoes and caves. One of the most amazing creations Volcanic activity can be safely called a rock in the sea the Golden Gate, through which a fairly large boat can easily pass.

Climate this resort region moderate, characterized by the absence of sharp temperature fluctuations. Thanks to the sea breezes, the summer heat is quite easily tolerated. The swimming season starts at the end of May and lasts until the beginning of October. The southern slopes of the mountains are covered with Mediterranean vegetation, to the east the Crimean mountains smoothly turn into a steppe landscape. The beaches of the South-Eastern Crimea are sandy and pebbly, with the addition of small shell rock.

South-East Crimea provides ample opportunities for development various kinds tourism. Walking routes in the South-Eastern Crimea are carried out mainly parallel to the coastline and along the river valleys.

Sudak gives great opportunities for cycling tourism. Sudak also has ample opportunities for active rest. These are diving, horseback riding, paragliding. The new world has natural resources for the development of such a type of tourism as rock climbing. In the city of Feodosia there is a center for hang gliding, tasting excursions to the Novosvetsky factory of sparkling wines and a dolphinarium are held. Various festivals are held in the city.

This area is attractive for those who prefer relatively inexpensive and relaxing holiday. There are few chic health resorts here, as in the South Coast, small, cozy, quite comfortable rest houses and boarding houses prevail. Housing compared to the South Coast is a little cheaper, the private sector prevails, and not high-rise buildings.

The local coast is very beautiful, somewhat exotic, there are many cozy bays and rocks. The beaches are mostly small pebbles, and in Feodosia and to the east - sandy.

This area has long been chosen by car tourists, so almost all health resorts and the private sector are focused on vacationers with a car. In the summer season, in every city and village on the coast, summer campsites and parking lots are equipped for autotourists.

The local places, especially the capes protruding into the sea - Meganom, Kiik-Atlama, etc. - are very convenient for lovers of various types of sailing because of the constantly blowing gentle winds. And the bays of Koktebel and Novy Svet, the steep coast of Karadag attract fans of diving (snorkeling) like a magnet.

There are fewer attractions in this area than in the mountainous area. southwestern Crimea(especially historical), but magnificent and unusual landscapes, natural monuments quite enough.

Unearthly, deserted landscapes of Yayla Karabi, mysterious Valley of Ghosts with a giant stone chaos and the Funa fortress near Mount Demerdzhi, the medieval Armenian monastery of Surb-Khach near Stary Krym, White Rock near Belogorsk, Dzhur-dzhur waterfall, partisan memorial near Kalan-Bair, ruins " long walls"at Chigenitra and many others memorable places will always be of interest to travelers. And the breathtaking landscapes that open from almost every peak will not leave indifferent true connoisseurs of beauty.

TECHNOLOGICAL CARD OF THE LESSONCrimean studies Grade 7 Lesson No. 18

Subject: Southeastern Crimea. GP. The composition of the region. natural conditions. Unique landforms .

Planned results:subject: to form a system of knowledge about the South-Eastern Crimea, to consolidate students' knowledge of the toponymy of this region; explore features geographical location And natural features region; get acquainted with the main attractions, consolidate knowledge about the origin of the names.metasubject: develop the ability to work with various sources of information and cartographic material;personal: to cultivate a cognitive interest in the history and nature of the native land.

Equipment:FG map of Crimea, demonstration material - photographs of fossil corals.

Lesson type:learning new material.

During the classes

M. Voloshin

Name the region in question. Participate in setting the objectives of the lesson.

2.Updating basic knowledge

"Finish the sentence"

1.Extreme eastern point Crimean peninsula…..

2. The largest mud volcano of the Kerch Peninsula ...

3. The Kerch peninsula is separated from the main territory of Crimea….

4. The natural reserve fund of the region is represented by reserves ....

5. A city named after an outstanding Soviet nuclear physicist ... ..

Frontal written survey.

3.Organization of cognitive activity

1.Geographic location. The composition of the region.

This part of the peninsula includes the regions of Feodosia and Sudak, the coast of the Meganom peninsula, indented by bays, and mountain range Karadag, the legendary Koktebel, capes Kiik-Atlam and Ilya, as well as Stary Krym with its surroundings. If the South Coast has traditionally been a place of fashionable, aristocratic recreation, then the South-Eastern Crimea with its romantic landscapes was chosen by artists and poets, and above all Maximilian Voloshin, who called this region Cimmeria.

2. natural conditions.

Relief features.

In the far east South Shore there is a volcanic mountain group Kara-Dag. It consists of a central dome-shaped massif (576 m) and coastal ranges surrounding it from the south and east (Lobovoy, Karagach, Khoba-Tepe, Magnitny, Kok-Kaya). These ridges stretch along the seashore, forming grandiose steep coastal cliffs, and protrude into the sea. bizarre rocks and capes. The coast is indented by small picturesque bays. From the north-west, the central massif of Kara-Dag is surrounded by the Syuryu-Kaya ridge, composed of Upper Jurassic limestones.

Cape Ilya.

On the cape was the ancient Greek church of St. Elijah, the date of construction of which is not known. In 1816, a chapel was built in its place (at present, only the foundations of the walls have survived from it). At the chapel there was a cemetery of the Red Cross Society.

In September 1861, the Russian emperor visited these places. , who was visiting the sights of the city of Feodosia, it is noteworthy that the emperor went up here on horseback.

On February 16, 1890, not far from Cape St. Elijah, the steamer “Grand Duke Konstantin” crashed against pitfalls and sank, and soon the same fate befell the steamer “Vladimir”.

The lighthouse on Cape St. Elijah was built (builder A. A. Polonsky) on the vow of Evdokia Nikolaevna Rukavishnikova, who made significant personal funds and organized a fundraiser for the construction, in memory of the miraculous cure of her son from tuberculosis by the healing Feodosia climate. The height of the lighthouse is 66.3 meters. The grand opening of the lighthouse took place on February 17, 1899. The lighthouse was equipped with an optical apparatus of the Swedish Lindberg system, and a fog bell was also installed. In 1902-1912, a stone building was built for the lighthouse, a pneumatic siren of high and low tones was installed. During the lighthouse buildings were completely destroyed. Part of the valuable equipment was dismantled during the evacuation in September 1941. The restoration of the lighthouse was completed by 1954. In 1962 and 1968, the equipment was modernized (a light beacon, radio navigation installations, radio tubes were installed). In 1974 the lighthouse was overhauled.

During the excavation of the barrow at Cape St. Elijah in 1854 Together with the archaeologist Siberian, women's gold earrings were found dating back to the 4th century BC. e. ("Feodosia Earrings" now in ).

From the time of ruins preserved on the cape .

cape Chameleon - cape in Koktebel, next to quiet bay. He got his name thanks to the phenomenal ability to change color during the day. Chameleon's color can change from grayish blue in the morning to bright gold in the evening, which gradually turns to pinkish-purple, and after sunset takes on shades of purple and blue. This effect is due to the specific composition of the clayey shales that make up the cape.

In ancient times, the Chameleon was called "Toprakh-kaya", which translates as "Clay Rock". On old maps, the cape is depicted as quite large and wide, but now it is a narrow high ridge with a path in the middle. This suggests that over time, the sea managed to erode a significant part of the cape. The gradual process of destruction continues today.

Unique minerals and rocks.

The only field in the Crimea is the route;

Unique jasper of the Crimea.

Unique objects Southeastern Crimea.

Rock Frog.

Massif Echki-Dag

Mount Karaul-Oba

Tepe-Oba Ridge

Ridge Biyuk-Yanyshar. Today we continue our journey through Cimmeria and go to the estate of Prince Golitsyn.

New World is one of the most beautiful corners Crimea. Its history goes back deep into ancient times. The surroundings were inhabited in ancient times, as evidenced by numerous archaeological sites: objects of the Taurus culture were found in different places; in one of the cliffs, tools of people who lived in the Stone Age, the remains of a lime kiln were found. In the mountains, old paths and roads, the remains of buildings, abandoned quarries, millstones, which were made unchanged throughout the Middle Ages, are found everywhere. Since the arrival of the Genoese, and much earlier, the New World has been an integral part of the center of the Great Silk Road. In ancient times, the village that was located here was called "Paradisio", which means "garden", "park" in ancient Greek, and "paradise" in poetic literature. One of the documents of the Genoese administration of 1449 mentions the village of Paradis (Paradixi de lo Cheder). After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, Paradise was owned by B. Gallera, who received these lands as a gift from Catherine II. However, Gallera did not keep his promise to Catherine II in Paradise "to plant a garden on the midday shore." The local land for cultivation of vineyards needed abundant watering and required large cash costs for tillage. In addition, the Crimean possession of the Galley was, as it were, an island of coastal land, without roads, fenced off by impregnable mountains from the nearest settlements. It was possible to get to Paradise only by a little convenient road. walking trail over the mountains or by sea.

In the 1820s, he sold the estate to Princess A. Golitsyna. We note right away that in family ties with L.S. She was not a Golitsyn. A.S. Golitsyna owned Paradise for a very short time and, according to available fragmentary data, since 1825. she had already begun to settle down in the new, more comfortable Black Sea possession of Koreiz (Khureiz). She sold the Paradise estate to the new owner, Prince Zakhary Semenovich Kherkhulidzev (Kherkhulidze), who renamed the village. This happened, apparently, from the opposition in those years of the Old World (Europe)New World(America).

First mention modern name the settlement falls on 1864, where in the "List of populated places Russian Empire”In the Feodosia district, “the village of Novy Svet is indicated on the seashore” with one yard located there and one resident with it. Z.S. Kherkhulidzev was, perhaps, the first of the owners of this corner of the Eastern Crimea, who appreciated the beauty and economic prospects of Paradise. In the very first years, he laid a small garden here, which, however, did not differ in any way from the gardens of many other landowners. In addition, he planted 3.5 acres of native grape varieties in the New World.

On September 8, 1878, L.S. Golitsyn bought out part of the estate with an area of ​​36 acres, where he immediately planted a vineyard on 8 acres. The heirs of Kherkhulidzev left 60 acres of land, of which about 5 were occupied by vineyards. In the 1890s. "New World" completely passed to L.S. Golitsyn. The area of ​​ownership was almost 100 acres, including 20 acres of vineyards. Lev Sergeevich Golitsyn constantly expanded his Novosvetsky estate by acquiring new plots from neighboring landowners. By 1912 the area of ​​the Golitsyn estate in the "New World" exceeded 200 acres. Prince L.S. Golitsyn turned the estate into a pilot winery with nurseries, a factory for the production of sparkling wines, wine cellars; cultivated, landscaped the surroundings of the village.

According to one of the legends, the modern name of the village "New World" appeared at the end of the 19th century, from the hands of Emperor Nicholas II himself, who, having tasted the rarest wines from the collection of the winery of the new owner of the village - Prince Lev Sergeevich Golitsyn, exclaimed: "I see everything in a new light!

L.S. Golitsyn knew that the successful development of winemaking is impossible without a well-established cellar economy. In the first years in the New World, he built temporary small cellars, which soon ceased to satisfy the rapidly developing Golitsyn winemaking. In the 1890s, Golitsyn built grandiose cellars in the New World at the foot of Mount Koba-Kaya and in the vicinity of Mount Karaul-Oba. In 1903 their length exceeded 3 miles. Tunnels were laid at different horizontal levels and in different directions. The deepest tunnels were below sea level. One of the closest associates of L.S. Golitsyn, winemaker A.A. Ivanov, wrote: “... the tunnels were interconnected by gloomy narrow passages and ended in a tasting room - a vast room with niches filled with samples of New World and foreign champagne; glasses, goblets, brothers and, finally, an ancient statue of Bacchus, bought in 1900 in Paris for 40,000 francs, completed the decoration of the room .... Golitsin's ultimate goal when arranging champagne cellars was to connect this labyrinth with a spectacular grotto in Mount Karaul-Oba .... " . However, he did not have enough money to dig a tunnel half a verst long, from the basement to the grotto, in the hard Jurassic limestone of Mount Karaul-Oba.

Determine the composition of the region and the features of the GP according to physical map Crimea.

Draw conclusions about its impact on nature.

Viewing the presentation "Relief of the Crimea". Acquaintance with unique landforms. Complete the task on page 54 in the workbook.

Fill in the gaps in the text p.54.

Working with text p.55.

Determined by the photo on page 55.

Presentation by students with a brief historical background:

4. Summing up

Consolidation. 1. Who came up with the most poetic name for the South-East (East) of Crimea?

So all my soul is in your bays.
Oh, Cimmeria is a dark country,
Enclosed and transformed.

M. Voloshin

2. The mountain, which has two names, looks like a pumpkin. Sandyk-Kaya or Kabak-Tash

3. Sacrificial rock or where the sleeping beauty fell asleep? Kurban-Kaya

4. Barrier to waves and winds
Blurred volcano wall
Like a rising temple
Rises out of the gray fog.
Over the swells of the fading plains,
Tormented by irrepressible trembling,
Guide the rook to its foot
One desert evening.
And over living mirrors
A dark mountain will rise
Like a scattered flame
Petrified campfire.

About what geographical feature is it about? Kara-Dag

Reflection. Homework: abstract.

Oral conversation.

Self-assessment of knowledge and skills.

The eastern coast of Crimea is a combination of steppe landscapes and a coast cut by grottoes and mountains. However, the mountains here are not at all the same as on the South Coast, they are much more “modest” in scale. More like high hills and plateaus than mountains.

The beaches of the eastern resorts of Crimea are different. And sandy (in Beregovoe near Feodosia, and pebble - in Sudak, for example), and rocky (in the New World). There are a lot of wild beaches on the east coast. In general, for everyone there is a corner to their liking.

There are different resorts in the east of the peninsula - quite large cities with developed infrastructure, and very tiny villages where you can relax without fuss and haste.

Weather in the resorts of eastern Crimea

The climate of the east coast is temperate and mild. There are a lot of sanatoriums on the coast, precisely because of the mild healing climate.

The summer is sunny, there are few cloudy days. Humidity is low, heat is well tolerated.

In summer, the air warms up to 29-31 degrees. The sea breeze is refreshing and relieves the heat. By evening it becomes more pleasant, the air "cools down" to 21-24 degrees.

It is very beautiful in the east of Crimea in the spring, when the steppes are covered with poppy flowers, the gardens are also in bloom, aromas are in the air, the sun is already warming quite well, a warm sweater or windbreaker is enough.

In winter East Coast it is worth going, except perhaps for treatment or sightseeing. There are very few tourists here at this time, but museums and exhibitions are still open. Some year-round sanatoriums are also open to receive guests.

East coast resorts

Among the resorts of the east of Crimea are:

• Marine;
• Merry;
• New World;
• Zander;
• Resort;
• Koktebel;
• Ordzhonikidze;
• Feodosia;
• Coastal;
• Primorsky;
• embankment;
• Kerch;
• Aspens;
• Yurkino;
• Resort (Kerch);
• Golden ;
• Nizhnezamorskoye;
• Semyonovka;
• factory;
• Kamenskoe;
• salt;

Strictly speaking, the last few settlements on the list are already the North-East of Crimea, but we will not draw such fine distinctions. More details about each of the resorts can be found at the links in the text, in separate reviews.

The most interesting sights in the east of Crimea

You should definitely visit the Genoese fortress in Sudak. Not only is it a monument of architecture and history, presumably of the 7th century. So it is also in excellent condition, something has survived to this day, something has been restored. The main thing today is interesting place, where exhibitions are held, events are held, and from the very high point offers stunning views of the surroundings.

The Golitsyn trail in the Novy Svet is a great opportunity to walk along the coast, see the Golitsyn Grotto, the Tsar's Beach in the Golubaya Bay, Cape Kapchik. Listen to a guide who will tell you about winemaking in the village.

Interesting in the house-museum of M. Voloshin in Koktebel. But this tour is only for those who have read the poet and about the poet. The rest will probably get bored.

Aivazovsky Gallery in Feodosia - not only the works of the eminent artist are exhibited here, but also paintings by other local artists. In addition to the permanent, changing exhibitions are held.

The Museum of M. and A. Tsvetaev in Feodosia is a place where you can learn a lot of interesting things about the “wintering” of the sisters in this wonderful city. The exposition brought together materials, interior items and many other artifacts.

Tower of Constantine and remains Genoese fortress all in the same place in Feodosia. You can see it just by walking around the city (Tower), or along the coast of the city (Fortress).

There are a lot of attractions in Kerch, which is not surprising, this is one of the oldest cities in the world with an incredibly rich history. Particularly interesting are Panticapaeum, an ancient Greek city of the 7th century BC. BC, the Turkish fortress Yeni-Kale of the 18th century, the crypt of Demeter with amazing frescoes, the unique exposition of the Lapidarium, the Adzhimushkay catacombs - a monument to the heroism and fearlessness of Soviet soldiers.

Southeastern Crimea is the sunniest region, the warmest sea, the sweetest grapes and the most delicious wine. The wildest beaches expose the most modest girls, and the mountains around Sudak hide the ruins of ancient temples...

Southeastern Crimea. Geographic reference.

Southeastern Crimea is part of the coast of the peninsula (approximately 150 km), located between Alushta and Feodosia. Popular resort villages southeastern Crimea - Rybachye, Morskoye, Kurortnoye, Koktebel, Ordzhonikidze, the cities of Feodosia and Sudak. The main difference from the Southern Coast of Crimea is that more low mountains contribute to the penetration of air masses from the steppe part of the peninsula, so winters are colder here and summers are hotter.

Edge of the sun. Southeastern Crimea. Continuation

Ancient Greeks, Cimmerians, Taurians, Alans, Khazars, Cumans, Genoese, Ottomans, Tatars. Whoever has not visited this region has not left his mark. Centuries have passed, and the sun still shines, and the ancient mountains still stand, and the sea is just as beautiful.

Now the ancient region opens its arms to tourists. Here everyone can find a holiday to their taste. Large sanatoriums immersed in the greenery of parks and having their own beaches, mini-hotels and just a "private sector" invite guests. Yes, and "savages" can take the soul to auto-camping , tent camps and simply at unorganized parking lots, which, unfortunately, are becoming less and less, to lie in the sun on equipped and wild beaches Sudak.

The mountains in the Sudak region are very diverse - wooded ridges are crowned with rocky peaks with bizarre stone combs. ancient Coral reefs slowly rise up to the sun, and then rapidly break off into the sea, and even the real Karadag volcano, which let the sea into its ancient mouth, towers over Koktebel with its fabulous figures.

Here everyone can find "their" peak. You can take a walk to Alchak or Karadag, or you can climb the steep rock of the Falcon. Motorists, on the other hand, can climb to the top of Meganom right behind the wheel of an ATV or a jeep.

History lovers will discover their world - ancient monasteries and temples, ancient wine cellars, and the pearl of the entire coast - the Genoese fortress.

And, of course, the Black Sea is so warm and gentle in calm and so formidable during a storm. It plays with all the colors during sunset and is so blue at noon, it is always different and always long-awaited. It meets you from afar with its brilliance and blueness. It either scatters its beaches in front of you - gravel, sandy, pebble, then it beckons with colored bays of the New World, then suddenly, behind the bend of the coast, a mirage appears - a real river paddle steamer - a real "Swallow", in the cabin of which Mikhalkov sang - "Shaggy bumblebee for fragrant hops ... "

And this Land of the Sun is for you, only for YOU!

Climate of Eastern Crimea

The eastern coast of Crimea, together with the adjacent ranges, is covered main ridge Crimean mountains from moist air masses brought by western and southwestern winds from mediterranean sea And Atlantic Ocean, but poorly protected from the cold northeast and northern winds blowing from the continent. The coastal land receives a lot of light and heat, but experiences an acute shortage of moisture - evaporation is 2-3 times greater than the amount of precipitation. The climate of the coast is arid, with hot summers and mild winters, somewhat different from the climate of the southern coast of Crimea near Yalta.

It is known that with an increase in the height of the relief, the air temperature decreases, and the amount of precipitation increases. In this regard, in Echki-Dag, summer is not so hot, and winter is not as mild as on the coast. Toward the peaks of the ridge, the average annual air temperature decreases from 12 to 8°C, and the amount of precipitation increases from 350 to 700 mm. in year. That is why the Echki-Dag peaks are covered with forest, and the low coastline is covered with steppe vegetation.

The proximity of the warm Black Sea affects the land climate. The average annual temperature of its waters off the southeastern coast of Crimea is 13-14°C. But due to the small area of ​​the sea area, its influence on the air temperature of the adjacent land is not as significant as on the ocean coasts. Therefore, the climate of Echki-Dag is not maritime, but temperate continental.

We remind the reader that the Black Sea is a deep inland basin connected with neighboring seas narrow straits and has long played a huge role in the relations of peoples of Eastern Europe with the civilizations of the Mediterranean. This is the warmest sea in our country. Its deep water masses are contaminated with hydrogen sulfide and are practically dead. Life is concentrated in the upper layer, which is heavily desalinated by rivers and has a salinity half that of the oceans.

The Black Sea is a small sea. From Echki-Dag to the Anatolian coast of Turkey is only 300 km, that is, about the same as across the Crimea from west to east. By the way, between the Crimea and Turkey, the sea is the deepest - up to 2211 m.

The Black Sea in the last three millennia "changed" more than ten names. One of the earliest - Temarun - was given to him by the Local tribes. The ancient Greeks called the sea because of its remoteness from Hellas, the turbulence and wild customs of the peoples who inhabited the shores, Pont Aksinsky - that is, the "Inhospitable Sea". Later, after mastering Black Sea coast, another, more famous name appeared - Pont Euxinus - "Hospitable Sea". In the Middle Ages, different peoples called the sea Mavre Thalassa ("Black Sea"), Surozh, Russian, Karadeniz ("Black Sea")...

The modern name appeared several centuries ago and has no generally accepted explanation. As for the color of the sea, it is blue, blue, lead-gray, but not black at all. True, there is an interpretation that "black" is, as it were, dark - northern, and maybe even evil. In this interpretation, this is the "Northern" or "Evil" Sea.

However, it is appropriate to recall that deeper than 100-150 m the Black Sea waters are contaminated with hydrogen sulfide, and in this environment many metals quickly darken - turn black. Perhaps the blackening of metal objects raised from the abyss impressed the sailors so much that it gave rise to the name of the sea.

The level of the Black Sea is constantly changing. About 20 thousand years ago, when huge glaciers in last time covered the north of Europe, the sea was almost a hundred meters lower, and the Echki-Dag ridge was separated from it by a thirty-kilometer plain. After the ice sheet melted, the oceans were replenished with water. About 4-5 thousand years ago, the level of the Black Sea exceeded the current mark by 1-2 m and later decreased and increased by no more than 10 m. In the current century, it steadily creeps up by 1-2 mm. in year.

The sea level experiences slight seasonal and daily fluctuations due to changes in the volume of river runoff, the influence of wind, changes in atmospheric pressure ... The height of the tides near the Crimean coast does not exceed 10 cm.

The sea either cools or warms the air, softens the climate of the adjacent strip of land. During the year, there are hot and frosty, sunny and cloudy, dry and rainy, quiet and windy days on Echki-Dag; ten classes of weather change.

1. Sunny, very hot and very dry. 2. Sunny, hot and dry. 3. Sunny, moderately humid. 4. Cloudy during the day and partly cloudy at night. 5. Sunny, moderately humid with cloudiness at night. 6. Frosty. 7. Solar with a transition through 0°C. 8. Cloudy during the day with a transition through 0°C. 9. Cloudy without precipitation. 10. Rainy.

Winter is relatively mild, with little snow and windy. At this time, an area of ​​high pressure is formed over the south of the European territory of Russia, and from here cold and dry continental air rushes to the Crimea. On separate days Black Sea coast feels the icy breath of the Arctic. When the influence of the "kitchen of the cold" weakens, warm and humid air masses break into the Crimea from the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. They bring heat and rain. Battles of atmospheric fronts determine the instability, capriciousness of winter weather. During the invasion of cold air, the mercury column of the thermometer sometimes drops to -25 °, and during the breakthrough of tropical air masses it rises to 22 °.

In winter, the temperature of coastal waters usually stays around 4-7 ° and only in harsh winter 1953/54 dropped to 1° below zero for a short time. Then, fast ice formed off the coast of the Feodosiya Gulf.

Sea warms up the air and average monthly temperature even in the cold second half of winter, about 1 ° heat is kept. At the peaks of Echki-Dag, the air temperature at this time drops to 3-4 degrees below zero. But, as they say, year after year is not necessary. In Feodosia, for example, in a very warm 1915. average temperature January was 7.9°, and in the very cold 1950 minus 7.8°.

In winter, there are 6-7 days with severe drizzling rain. Snow falls several times, but usually does not last long. Cold and strong northeasterly winds often blow. In the mountains, the wind adapts to the orientation of the ridges and valleys and changes direction.

The surprises of the Crimean winter - blizzards - are connected with strong winds. For local residents the February blizzards of 1988 and especially the March blizzards of 1987 are still memorable. Then the gusts of icy wind reached 20-24 m / s, knocked people down, broke trees, destroyed chimneys, tore the wires of power lines. On the leeward slopes of mountains and ravines, near houses and roads, snowdrifts of two to three meters were formed. They blocked the Feodosia-Sudak highway and paralyzed transport connection between settlements. Dozens of cars were trapped in the snow. Three people who ventured to walk to the nearest dwelling got lost and froze to death.

The storm season at sea coincides with the cold period of the year. Storms with an intensity of up to six points prevail with a wave height of up to three meters. Significant storms off the southeast coast of Crimea are very rare; the most violent of them were in 1949 and 1969.

Short Crimean winter. Already in mid-February, spring weather sets in on the coast. Colchicum, saffron, snowdrop bloom. But warm "February windows" can be interrupted by cold returns, short snowfalls and blizzards.

In the spring, the restructuring of atmospheric processes begins. The influence of cold air masses decreases, and the flow of warm Mediterranean air increases. In March and even in April, heat and cold battles flare up, and for a short time the air temperature drops below zero. In March, there were days on the coast with air temperature - 14 ° and 27 °. Usually, after mid-March, the average daily air temperature passes through 5°C, in mid-April - through 10°C, and by mid-May - through 15°C. In the mountains, the air warms up more slowly.

Spring- Mist time. They roll onto the land in waves from the side of the cold sea and slow down its heating by the sun's rays. But in May the earth is already warmer than the water. The weather becomes summer - sunny, warm, moderately humid or dry.

Summer- the longest season of the year. At this time, an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure is formed over the Black Sea. Its influence weakens the cyclonic activity and the activity of atmospheric processes over the Crimea. Sunny, dry, low-wind hot weather prevails.

The hot period with air temperatures above 20° lasts from mid-June to early September. The hottest month is July, the average air temperature on the coast reaches 23-24°. On some days, the mercury column in thermometers rose to 38°. The earth's surface heats up to 60-70°.

In summer surface layer sea ​​water warms up quickly, and its average temperature from June to August rises from 18 to 23 °. On some July and August days, the water is heated to 27-29 °. But short term strong wind, blowing from the coast or along it, can drive the water of the heated layer into the open sea. Then deeper cold and salty water masses rise to the surface. Scientists call this phenomenon upwelling. Upwelling can lower the temperature of coastal waters by 10-15°. It happens 2-3 times during the summer.

They blow in the summer light winds and the sea is usually calm. Breezes are characteristic, arising from temperature differences between land and sea. They have a certain daily regimen. The coastline and the seaside slope of Echki-Dag are gently blown by the sea breeze from sunrise. It penetrates deep into the land for several kilometers and weakens the heat of the day. After a short evening lull, the sea breeze is replaced by a coastal breeze blowing from land to sea at night.

At night, cool air flows down from the mountains along the Otuzskaya, Kozskaya and other valleys, and during the day well-heated air currents rise from below. These mountain-valley winds blow over Shchebetovka and Sun Valley. And the village of Kurortnoye, located simultaneously on the seashore and in the lower reaches of the Otuzskaya Valley, is influenced by both breezes and mountain-valley winds.

The very heated treeless southern slopes of the ridges radiate warmth in summer. Strong ascending currents of air arise above them, which are used by glider and hang glider pilots during flights.

In summer, precipitation falls in the form of short-term showers. They are replaced by droughts that can last for a long time - one or two, and sometimes three months. During such fire periods, tourists are limited to visiting the forest.

Climatic conditions summer season favorable for tourism, recreation and treatment. Solar heat, clean sea air and Black Sea water have medicinal properties. With the right dosage, they harden the body, return vigor to people.

All settlements the southeastern coast of Crimea are, in essence, climatic resorts. Here you can successfully combine relaxation and treatment by the sea with walks along the coast and short hikes in the mountains. The coast of the bay of Chalka and the ridge of Echki-Dag - beautiful places for such an active holiday.

The water in the bay of Chalka is clean and transparent. With a calm sea on a sunny day, visibility in it reaches 10 m, which allows you to get acquainted with the inhabitants of the underwater world with the help of a mask.

For healthy people, the swimming season begins when the water temperature passes through 17 °. In the sea near Echki-Dag, it lasts 146 days - from the last ten days of May to mid-October. At the same time, especially at noon, a lot of ultraviolet radiation reaches the earth's surface. Doctors do not advise to abuse solar and sea baths. Otherwise, you can get a painful skin burn, overheating or hypothermia of the body and ruin your vacation.

In the dense darkness of short summer nights, the outlines of coasts, rocks and mountains seem fantastic. Among the bright stars, the sky is crossed here and there by the fiery trails of meteors. Star showers are associated with the fact that at the end of summer the Earth meets with a swarm of solid particles - meteoroids that burn up in its atmosphere.

In September stable warm, dry and moderately humid, sunny and partly cloudy weather prevails. The heat subsides. The sun no longer burns as before, and the sea still retains the accumulated heat. For comfortable weather conditions in the first half of autumn on Crimean resorts called "velvet season".

On the day of the autumn equinox - September 22 - the astronomical summer ends. The length of the day is rapidly decreasing. It's time for a golden autumn: the leaves acquire autumn colors - yellow, orange, red. Cyclonic activity is intensifying. Cool, cloudy, and sometimes rainy weather is associated with the arrival of cyclones.

In November transition to winter weather. The number of days with cloudy skies, drizzling rains, fogs and frosts is increasing. The wind and the sea are getting stronger. The invasion of Arctic air brings cooling and light frosts to the coast. In November there were days with an air temperature of 15°C and 27°C.

Already in early December, the average daily air temperature drops below 5°. The sea, heated in summer, cools slowly and warms the coastal strip of land.

The aridity of the climate and the wide distribution of water-resistant clayey rocks determined the poverty of Echki-Dag and its environs with surface and groundwater. The streams flowing along the bottom of some valleys dry up with the advent of the summer heat. But after heavy summer showers, short-term floods form in ravines, gullies and valleys. When the clouds splash onto the ground during the day more than 70-100 mm. rainfall, the water level rises to 2-3 m. and floods become catastrophic, destructive. So it was in 1914, 1927, 1939, 1943 and 1976.

Pay attention to the accumulations of stones cluttering the beams and large ravines of the seaside slope of Echki-Dag. These are traces of former stormy floods and streams overflowing with sediments - mudflows.

The largest floods and mudflows are associated with the most significant downpour on July 28, 1914, which poured 162 mm in a few hours. precipitation. The water in the Otuzka River rose to a height of three meters. The stream demolished bridges, destroyed houses in the village of Otuzy (now the village of Shchebetovka), destroyed many livestock, vineyards, orchards, and caused significant material damage. Probably, the same downpour caused powerful mudflows in the Echki-Dag ravines, from which alluvial fans of large stones have been preserved. They are pushed out into the sea and overgrown with grass and bushes.

There are five springs on Echki-Dag and in its immediate vicinity. Four of them can dry out during the dry season. The most powerful permanent source is the namesake of the ridge, also Echki-Dag. It was captured into a pipe by Feodosian tourists of the "Karadag" club. The spring pours out in one hour a sultry summer day 300-500 l.h of the purest drinking water of calcium bicarbonate composition, having a temperature of 12 °. During wet periods, its debit increases several times.

The area of ​​water supply of the source is the overlying limestone rocks of the ridge, dissected by tectonic cracks and corroded by small karst voids. They not only "fail" rain and melt water, but also condensation of water from the air. That is why many springs do not dry up during droughts.

In the arid southeastern Crimea, people have long learned how to extract condensation water. At the end of the last century, the forester F.I. Siebold discovered capacitors built by the Genoese on the Tete-Oba ridge near Feodosia. These were very simple structures in the form of large heaps of mossy stones lying on cemented platforms, equipped with recesses for water drainage. Warm air penetrated into the stone heaps, cooled, and droplets of water settled from the water vapor on the cold edges of the stones. They gathered in trickles and flowed into the tanks. Of these, condensation water was supplied through the water supply system to medieval Feodosia and watered its large population. Now this water supply system is abandoned, and the useful experience is forgotten.

F. I. Siebold built a similar condenser with an area of ​​100 m2 and a height of 1.5 m, which produced 432 liters. water per day. He believed that many mountain springs are fed by the same water, "extracted" from the air. Later, Professor V. N. Dublyansky proved that condensation waters make up about 7% of the annual precipitation rate in the supply of Crimean springs. We add to this that in summer "underground dew" plays a major role in the life of many sources of Echki-Dag.

Along with very fresh water at the eastern tip of the Crimean Mountains, drilling of wells discovered mineral water type "Essentuki No. 20", "Narzan", "Izhevskaya", "Matsesta". Sodium chloride-sulfate water with four grams of salts in one liter is bottled and is known as "Feodosia". It is widely used for the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in the Feodosia sanatorium "Voskhod".

A. A., Korzhenevsky V. V., Schepinsky A. A. Simferopol Publishing house "Tavria"

Photos of the mountains of Eastern Crimea