Magellan's round-the-world journey and the colonial division of the world. First circumnavigation

Everything is wider. But how can you prove that the earth is round? Just by traveling around the world. It was necessary, having sailed to the west, to circle the globe and return home from the east. This idea was nurtured by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan who entered the service of the Spanish king. He supposed to go for pepper and cloves to the islands of spices - Moluccas- not by the eastern, but by the western way. These islands lay to the east of the Sunda Islands, and the Portuguese sailed to them, skirting Africa, across the Indian Ocean. Magellan wanted to sail west, try to go around South America, cross the unknown South Sea and come to the spice islands from the east.

Soon the ships sailed to Philippine Islands. Magellan realized that, having gone around the Earth, rounding New World- America, he came to the Old, to Asia and the spice islands are not far away. material from the site

Ferdinand Magellan died, intervening in the fight between the Filipinos who were at war with each other. The surviving sailors of Magellan burned one dilapidated ship, the other ship and its crew were captured. And only one ship out of five under the command of El Cano continued sailing. He crossed the Indian Ocean, circled Africa and in 1522, four years after the start of the expedition, completed his journey around the entire Earth. Sailors, exhausted by labor and illness, returned to Spain. The spices they brought were enough to recoup all the costs of the trip.

The scientific results of Magellan's circumnavigation of the world were great. It proved the sphericity of the Earth. For the first time, the Pacific Ocean was passed and it was proved that all the oceans are connected to each other into a single World Ocean. It became clear that the water large area on Earth than dry land. Correct ideas about the size of the Earth were obtained. As a result of Magellan's expedition, new, much more accurate

Ask anyone and they will tell you that the first person to circumnavigate the world was Portuguese navigator and the explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who died on the island of Mactan (Philippines) during an armed skirmish with the natives (1521). The same is written in history books. Actually, this is a myth. After all, it turns out that one excludes the other.
Magellan managed to go only half way.

Primus circumdedisti me (you circumvented me first) - reads the Latin inscription on Juan Sebastian Elcano's coat of arms topped with a globe. Indeed, Elcano was the first person to circumnavigate the world.

The San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian houses Salaverria's painting "The Return of the Victoria". Eighteen emaciated people in white shrouds, with lighted candles in their hands, staggering down the ladder from the ship to the embankment of Seville. These are sailors from the only ship that returned to Spain from the entire flotilla of Magellan. In front is their captain, Juan Sebastian Elcano.

Much in the biography of Elcano has not yet been clarified. Oddly enough, a person who first circled Earth, did not attract the attention of artists and historians of his time. There is not even a reliable portrait of him, and of the documents written by him, only letters to the king, petitions and a will have survived.

Juan Sebastian Elcano was born in 1486 in Getaria, a small port town in the Basque Country, not far from San Sebastian. He early connected his own fate with the sea, making a “career” that was not uncommon for an enterprising person of that time - first changing his job as a fisherman to a smuggler, and later enrolling in the navy to avoid punishment for his too free attitude to laws and trade duties. Elcano took part in the Italian Wars and the Spanish military campaign in Algeria in 1509. Bask had mastered maritime business quite well in practice when he was a smuggler, but it was in the navy that Elcano received the “correct” education in the field of navigation and astronomy.

In 1510, Elcano, the owner and captain of a ship, took part in the siege of Tripoli. But the Spanish Treasury refused to pay Elcano the amount due for settlements with the crew. After leaving the military service, which never seriously attracted the young adventurer with low wages and the need to maintain discipline, Elcano decides to start new life in Seville. It seems to Basque that a bright future awaits him - in a new city for him, no one knows about his not entirely impeccable past, the navigator atoned for his guilt before the law in battles with the enemies of Spain, he has official papers that allow him to work as a captain on a merchant ship … But the trade enterprises, in which Elcano becomes a participant, turn out to be unprofitable as one.

In 1517, in payment of debts, he sold the ship under his command to the Genoese bankers - and this trading operation determined his entire fate. The fact is that the owner of the sold ship was not Elcano himself, but the Spanish crown, and the Basque is expected to again have difficulties with the law, this time threatening him with the death penalty. At that time it was considered a serious crime. Knowing that the court would not take into account any excuses, Elcano fled to Seville, where it was easy to get lost, and then take refuge on any ship: in those days, the captains were least interested in the biographies of their people. In addition, there were many Elcano fellow countrymen in Seville, and one of them, Ibarolla, was well acquainted with Magellan. He helped Elcano to enlist in Magellan's flotilla. Having passed the exams and received beans as a sign of a good grade (those who did not pass received peas from the examination board), Elcano became the helmsman on the third largest ship in the flotilla, the Concepcione.

On September 20, 1519, Magellan's flotilla left the mouth of the Guadalquivir and headed for the coast of Brazil. In April 1520, when the ships settled down for the winter in the frosty and deserted bay of San Julian, the captains, dissatisfied with Magellan, mutinied. Elcano was drawn into it, not daring to disobey his commander - the captain of the "Concepción" Quesada.

Magellan vigorously and brutally suppressed the rebellion: Quesada and another of the leaders of the conspiracy were cut off their heads, the corpses were quartered and the mutilated remains were stumbled on poles. Captain Cartagena and one priest, also the instigator of the rebellion, Magellan ordered to be landed on the deserted shore of the bay, where they subsequently died. The remaining forty rebels, including Elcano, Magellan spared.

1. First ever circumnavigation

On November 28, 1520, the remaining three ships left the strait and in March 1521, after an unprecedentedly difficult passage through the Pacific Ocean, they approached the islands, which later became known as the Marianas. In the same month, Magellan discovered the Philippine Islands, and on April 27, 1521, he died in a skirmish with local residents on the island of Matan. Elcano, stricken with scurvy, did not participate in this skirmish. After the death of Magellan, Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrano were elected captains of the flotilla. At the head of a small detachment, they went ashore to the Raja of Cebu and were treacherously killed. Fate again - for the umpteenth time - spared Elcano. Karvalyo became the head of the flotilla. But there were only 115 men left on the three ships; many of them are sick. Therefore, the Concepcion was burned in the strait between the islands of Cebu and Bohol; and his team moved to the other two ships - Victoria and Trinidad. Both ships wandered between the islands for a long time, until, finally, on November 8, 1521, they anchored off the island of Tidore, one of the "Spice Islands" - the Moluccas. Then, in general, it was decided to continue sailing on one ship - the Victoria, whose captain shortly before that was Elcano, and leave the Trinidad on the Moluccas. And Elcano managed to navigate his worm-eaten ship with a starving crew through the Indian Ocean and along the coast of Africa. A third of the team died, about a third was detained by the Portuguese, but still, on September 8, 1522, the Victoria entered the mouth of the Guadalquivir.

It was an unprecedented, unheard-of passage in the history of navigation. Contemporaries wrote that Elcano surpassed King Solomon, the Argonauts and the cunning Odysseus. The first ever circumnavigation of the world has been completed! The king granted the navigator an annual pension of 500 gold ducats and knighted Elcano. The coat of arms assigned to Elcano (since then del Cano) commemorated his voyage. The coat of arms depicted two cinnamon sticks framed with nutmeg and cloves, a golden padlock surmounted by a helmet. Above the helmet is a globe with a Latin inscription: "You were the first to circle me." And finally, by special decree, the king announced forgiveness to Elcano for selling the ship to a foreigner. But if it was quite simple to reward and forgive the brave captain, then it turned out to be more difficult to resolve all the controversial issues related to the fate of the Moluccas. The Spanish-Portuguese congress sat for a long time, but was never able to “divide” the islands located on the other side of the “earthly apple” between the two powerful powers. And the Spanish government decided not to delay sending a second expedition to the Moluccas.

2. Goodbye A Coruña

A Coruna was considered the safest port in Spain, which "could accommodate all the fleets of the world." The importance of the city increased even more when the Chamber of Indies was temporarily transferred here from Seville. This chamber made plans new expedition to the Moluccas, in order to finally establish Spanish domination on these islands. Elcano arrived in A Coruña full of bright hopes - he already saw himself as an admiral of the armada - and began to equip the flotilla. However, Charles I did not appoint Elcano as commander, but a certain Jofre de Loais, a participant in many naval battles, but completely unfamiliar with navigation. Elcano's pride was deeply wounded. In addition, the “highest refusal” came from the royal office to Elcano’s request for the payment of an annual pension granted to him of 500 gold ducats: the king ordered that this amount be paid only after returning from the expedition. So Elcano experienced the traditional ingratitude of the Spanish crown to the famous navigators.

Before sailing, Elcano visited his native Getaria, where he, a renowned sailor, easily managed to recruit many volunteers to his ships: with a man who has bypassed the "earthly apple", you will not be lost even in the devil's mouth, the port brethren reasoned. At the beginning of the summer of 1525, Elcano brought his four ships to A Coruña and was appointed helmsman and deputy commander of the flotilla. In total, the flotilla consisted of seven ships and 450 crew members. There were no Portuguese on this expedition. last night before the departure of the flotilla in A Coruña it was very lively and solemn. At midnight on Mount Hercules, on the site of the ruins of a Roman lighthouse, a huge fire was lit. The city said goodbye to the sailors. The cries of the townspeople, who treated the sailors with wine from leather bottles, the sobs of women and the hymns of the pilgrims mixed with the sounds of the cheerful dance “La Muneira”. The sailors of the flotilla remembered this night for a long time. They went to another hemisphere, and now they faced a life full of dangers and hardships. IN last time Elcano walked under the narrow archway of Puerto de San Miguel and descended the sixteen pink steps to the beach. These steps, already completely worn out, have survived to this day.

3. Misfortunes of the chief helmsman

The powerful, well-armed flotilla of Loaysa put to sea on July 24, 1525. According to the royal instructions, and Loaisa had fifty-three in total, the flotilla was to follow the path of Magellan, but avoid his mistakes. But neither Elcano - the king's chief adviser, nor the king himself foresaw that this would be the last expedition sent through the Strait of Magellan. It was the Loaisa expedition that was destined to prove that this was not the most profitable way. And all subsequent expeditions to Asia departed from the Pacific ports New Spain(Mexico).

July 26 vessels rounded Cape Finisterre. On August 18, the ships were caught in a severe storm. On the admiral's ship, the mainmast was broken, but two carpenters sent by Elcano, risking their lives, nevertheless got there in a small boat. While the mast was being repaired, the flagship collided with the Parral, breaking its mizzen mast. Swimming was very difficult. Not enough fresh water, provisions. Who knows what the fate of the expedition would have been if on October 20 the lookout had not seen the island of Annobón in the Gulf of Guinea on the horizon. The island was deserted - only a few skeletons lay under a tree on which a strange inscription was carved: "Here lies the unfortunate Juan Ruiz, killed because he deserved it." Superstitious sailors saw this as a formidable omen. The ships hastily filled with water, stocked up with provisions. On this occasion, the captains and officers of the flotilla were summoned to a festive dinner with the admiral, which almost ended tragically.

A huge fish of an unknown breed was served on the table. According to Urdaneta, Elcano's page and chronicler of the expedition, some sailors, "who tasted the meat of this fish, which had teeth like a big dog, got so sick in their stomachs that they thought they would not survive." Soon the whole flotilla left the shores of the inhospitable Annobon. From here, Loaysa decided to sail to the coast of Brazil. And from that moment on, the Sancti Espiritus, Elcano's ship, began a streak of misfortune. Without having time to set the sails, the Sancti Espiritus almost collided with the admiral's ship, and then generally lagged behind the flotilla for some time. At latitude 31º, after a strong storm, the admiral's ship disappeared from sight. Elcano assumed command of the remaining vessels. Then the San Gabriel separated from the flotilla. The remaining five ships searched for the admiral's ship for three days. The search was unsuccessful, and Elcano ordered to move on to the Strait of Magellan.

On January 12, the ships stopped at the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, and since neither the admiral's ship nor the San Gabriel came here, Elcano convened a council. Knowing from the experience of the previous voyage that this was an excellent anchorage, he suggested waiting for both ships, as was the instructions. However, the officers, who were eager to enter the strait as soon as possible, advised leaving only the Santiago pinnace at the mouth of the river, burying in a jar under a cross on an island a message that the ships were headed for the Strait of Magellan. On the morning of January 14, the flotilla weighed anchor. But what Elcano took for a strait turned out to be the mouth of the Gallegos River, five or six miles from the strait. Urdaneta, who despite his admiration for Elcano. retained the ability to be critical of his decisions, writes that such a mistake by Elcano struck him very much. On the same day they approached the real entrance to the strait and anchored at the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Holy Virgins.

An exact copy of the ship "Victoria"
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At night, a terrible storm hit the flotilla. Raging waves flooded the ship to the middle of the masts, and it barely kept on four anchors. Elcano realized that all was lost. His only thought now was to save the team. He ordered the ship to be grounded. Panic broke out on the Sancti Espiritus. Several soldiers and sailors rushed into the water in horror; all drowned except one who managed to make it to shore. Then the rest crossed to the shore. Managed to save some of the provisions. However, at night the storm broke out with the same force and finally smashed the Sancti Espiritus. For Elcano - the captain, the first circumnavigator and chief helmsman of the expedition - the crash, especially through his fault, was a big blow. Never before has Elcano been in such a difficult position. When the storm finally subsided, the captains of other ships sent a boat for Elcano, offering him to lead them through the Strait of Magellan, since he had been here before. Elcano agreed, but took only Urdaneta with him. He left the rest of the sailors on the shore ...

But failures did not leave the exhausted flotilla. From the very beginning, one of the ships almost ran into the rocks, and only the determination of Elcano saved the ship. After some time, Elcano sent Urdaneta with a group of sailors for the sailors left on the shore. Soon, Urdaneta's group ran out of provisions. It was very cold at night, and people were forced to burrow up to their necks in the sand, which also did not warm much. On the fourth day, Urdaneta and his companions approached the sailors dying on the shore from hunger and cold, and on the same day, the Loaysa ship, the San Gabriel, and the Santiago pinnass entered the mouth of the strait. On January 20, they joined the rest of the ships of the flotilla.

JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO
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On February 5, a severe storm broke out again. The Elcano ship took refuge in the strait, and the San Lesmes was driven further south by the storm, to 54 ° 50 ′ south latitude, that is, it approached the very tip of Tierra del Fuego. Not a single ship went south in those days. A little more, and the expedition would be able to open the way around Cape Horn. After the storm, it turned out that the admiral's ship was aground, and Loaysa and the crew left the ship. Elcano immediately sent a group of the best sailors to help the admiral. On the same day, the Anunsiada deserted. The captain of the ship de Vera decided to independently get to the Moluccas past the cape Good Hope. The Anunciad has gone missing. A few days later, the San Gabriel also deserted. The remaining ships returned to the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, where the sailors began to repair the admiral's ship, which was badly battered by storms. Under other conditions, it would have had to be left altogether, but now that the flotilla has lost three largest ship this could no longer be afforded. Elcano, who, on his return to Spain, criticized Magellan for having lingered at the mouth of this river for seven weeks, now he himself was forced to spend five weeks here. At the end of March, somehow patched up ships again headed for the Strait of Magellan. The expedition now included only the admiral's ship, two caravels and a pinnace.

On April 5, the ships entered the Strait of Magellan. Between the islands of Santa Maria and Santa Magdalena, another misfortune befell the admiral's ship. A cauldron of boiling tar caught fire, a fire broke out on the ship.

Panic broke out, many sailors rushed to the boat, ignoring Loaysa, who showered them with curses. The fire was still put out. The flotilla went further through the strait, along the banks of which at high mountain peaks, "so tall that they seemed to stretch to the very sky," lay eternal bluish snow. At night, the fires of the Patagonians burned on both sides of the strait. Elcano already knew these lights from the first voyage. On April 25, the ships weighed anchor from the San Jorge anchorage, where they replenished their water and firewood supplies, and again set off on a difficult voyage.

And where the waves of both oceans meet with a deafening roar, the storm again hit Loaisa's flotilla. The ships anchored in the bay of San Juan de Portalina. Mountains several thousand feet high rose on the shore of the bay. It was terribly cold, and “no clothes could warm us,” writes Urdaneta. Elcano was on the flagship all the time: Loaysa, having no relevant experience, completely relied on Elcano. The passage through the strait lasted forty-eight days - ten days more than Magellan's. On May 31, a strong northeast wind blew. The whole sky was covered with clouds. On the night of June 1-2, a storm broke out, the most terrible of the former so far, scattering all ships. Although the weather later improved, they were never to meet again. Elcano, with most of the crew of the Sancti Espiritus, was now on the admiral's ship, which had one hundred and twenty men. Two pumps did not have time to pump out water, they feared that the ship could sink at any moment. IN general ocean was Great, but by no means Quiet.

4 Pilot Dies Admiral

The ship was sailing alone, neither sail nor island could be seen on the vast horizon. “Every day,” writes Urdaneta, “we waited for the end. Due to the fact that people moved to us from wrecked vessel, we are forced to cut rations. We worked hard and ate little. We had to endure great hardships and some of us died.” On July 30, Loaysa died. According to one of the expedition members, the cause of his death was a breakdown in spirit; he was so upset by the loss of the rest of the ships that he "became weaker and died." Loays did not forget to mention in the will of his chief helmsman: “I ask that Elcano be returned four barrels of white wine, which I owe him. The biscuits and other provisions that lie on my ship, the Santa Maria de la Victoria, shall be given to my nephew Alvaro de Loays, who must share them with Elcano. They say that by this time only rats remained on the ship. On the ship, many were ill with scurvy. Everywhere Elcano looked, everywhere he saw swollen pale faces and heard the groans of sailors.

Thirty people have died from scurvy since they left the channel. “They all died,” writes Urdaneta, “due to the fact that their gums were swollen and they could not eat anything. I saw a man whose gums were so swollen that he tore off pieces of meat as thick as a finger. The sailors had one hope - Elcano. They, in spite of everything, believed in his lucky star, although he was so ill that four days before the death of Loaysa he himself made a will. In honor of Elcano's assumption of the position of admiral - a position which he unsuccessfully sought two years ago - a cannon salute was given. But Elcano's strength was drying up. The day came when the admiral could no longer get up from his bunk. His relatives and faithful Urdaneta gathered in the cabin. By the flickering light of the candle, one could see how thin they were and how much they had suffered. Urdaneta kneels and touches the body of her dying master with one hand. The priest watches him closely. Finally, he raises his hand, and everyone present slowly falls to their knees. Elcano's wanderings are over...

“Monday, 6 August. The valiant lord Juan Sebastian de Elcano has died." So Urdaneta noted in his diary the death of the great navigator.

Four people lift the body of Juan Sebastian, wrapped in a shroud and tied to a plank. At a sign from the new admiral, they throw him into the sea. There was a splash, drowning out the priest's prayers.

MONUMENT IN HONOR OF ELCANO IN GETARIA
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Exhausted by worms, tormented by storms and storms, the lone ship continued on its way. The team, according to Urdaneta, “was terribly exhausted and exhausted. Not a day went by that one of us didn't die.

Therefore, we decided that the best thing for us is to go to the Moluccas.” Thus, they abandoned the bold plan of Elcano, who was going to fulfill the dream of Columbus - to reach east coast Asia, following the shortest route from the west. “I am sure that if Elcano had not died, we would not have reached the Ladrone (Marian) Islands so soon, because his constant intention was to search for Chipansu (Japan),” writes Urdaneta. He clearly considered Elcano's plan too risky. But the man who for the first time circumnavigated the "earthly apple" did not know what fear was. But he also did not know that in three years Charles I would cede his “rights” to the Moluccas to Portugal for 350 thousand gold ducats. Of the entire Loaysa expedition, only two ships survived: the San Gabriel, which reached Spain after a two-year voyage, and the Santiago pinnace under the command of Guevara, which passed along the Pacific coast South America to Mexico. Although Guevara saw only once the coast of South America, his voyage proved that the coast does not protrude far to the west anywhere and that South America has the shape of a triangle. This was the most important geographical discovery expeditions of Loaysa.

Getaria, in the homeland of Elcano, at the entrance to the church there is a stone slab, a half-erased inscription on which reads: “... the glorious captain Juan Sebastian del Cano, a native and resident of the noble and faithful city of Getaria, the first to circumnavigate the globe on the ship Victoria. In memory of the hero, this slab was erected in 1661 by Don Pedro de Etave y Asi, Knight of the Order of Calatrava. Pray for the repose of the soul of the one who first traveled around the world. And on the globe in the San Telmo Museum, the place where Elcano died is indicated - 157º west and 9º north latitude.

In the history books, Juan Sebastian Elcano undeservedly found himself in the shadow of the glory of Ferdinand Magellan, but he is remembered and revered in his homeland. Elcano's name is training sailboat in the Spanish Navy. In the wheelhouse of the ship, you can see the coat of arms of Elcano, and the sailboat itself has already managed to carry out a dozen round-the-world expeditions.

Today, traveling around the world is not a problem. You just have to save up, but there are no particular difficulties - you can come to the airport and a white-winged plane will fly you to the other side of the world. But sometime around the world was an incredible achievement. Because it was the first.

A brief excursion into history

Now everything is simple: there is detailed maps, proven routes and entire guides.

At that time, travelers had only dreams and assumptions based on the experience of their predecessors. And another one good motivation - earnings. Columbus never made it to India shortcut, and the idea was too attractive to simply abandon it for good.

After all, the Spaniards and the Portuguese sincerely believed: you will swim to the Indian shores - and countless treasures already, consider, ringing in your pocket.

Who made the first circumnavigation of the world and why

But there were other equally important reasons:

• On practice check that the earth is round.
• Researchb her better.
• Prove that the oceans are interconnected.
• And, of course, make your name in history.

All these reasons led to the fact that Ferdinand Magellan was the first to venture around the world.

He did not hatch the idea alone: ​​he had companion by last name Faleiro. He actively planned how best to build a path (which turned out to be erroneous). Even at one time he was considered the main organizer of the expedition. But it was worth reaching the journey itself - Faleiro suddenly decided to read the horoscope. Which is amazing bad luck! - said that he shouldn't be on his way.

Magellan, however, did not retreat from the plan. And yet he undertook the journey, thanks to which we remember him to this day.

And there is a reason. Nowadays, as I said, travel is more of an entertainment. At the time of Magellan it was the hardest work. During the circumnavigation of the world, Magellan had to face hunger, scurvy(a disease that appears due to a lack of vitamins), rebellions. But ruined his intervention in a military conflict on one of the islands.

So he did not complete the journey. But finished his team- which means that the first voyage around the world still happened.

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With personality Magellan I am familiar with early years However, it was possible to study his activities in detail only at a conscious age. I have read a lot of different literature on first circumnavigation of the world and, in my humble opinion, the Portuguese captain was best described by Stefan Zweig. I advise everyone who is interested to look through the book “The Feat of Magellan”.

How it all started

1518 year. Portuguese colonial empire controls all trade from west coast Africa to the distant Moluccas, having huge profits from this enterprise, meanwhile the sad Spanish conquistadors spend huge human resources in wars with the natives, exploring a much less tidbit - America. Spanish crown in the person of Charles I (Charles V in Europe) is “slightly” upset by the conditions Treaty of Tordesillas *.

* The most concise statement of the Tordesillas (with emphasis on the third syllable) treaty: they cannot share the toys of the colony with Portugal and complain to the pope (of course, Roman), the pope draws a line on the map and says: “To the west are Spanish possessions, to the east are Portuguese ".

In this moment Portuguese Captain Magales(in Russian historiography known as Magellan) pays a visit to the Spanish royal court and says: “Gentlemen of the Spaniards, my friend, the astronomer Rui Faliro, calculated something and said that if you go around new continent from the south, you can sail to the islands of spices without violating the ill-fated treaty. What will come of this, we will find out further.

Who is Ferdinand Magellan

Magellan is an experienced officer in the service of Portugal and shedding blood for Portugal (in fact, he shed blood for his own gold and ambitions, like everyone else at that time, but officially - for Portugal). Fernand took part in several key battles with the Arabs, spent a long time in the Moluccas, but soon for a number of reasons fell out of favor with the Portuguese government and made a decision offer your services to the king of Spain- Charles I (aka Charles V in Europe).

Spanish top with pleasure accepted the offer Portuguese captain and agreed to sponsor the adventure.

Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world

In total, the expedition sent 5 caravels. Magellan, using his connections in his former homeland, forms two crews entirely from the Portuguese, more Tri ships are under the command of the Castilian(as Spain was called then) captains. Let me remind you that Castile and Portugal at that time were in open confrontation, what it will result in, we read further.

Brief summary of events:

• At the first opportunity, one of the Spanish ships rebels and returns to Seville.
• Another Castilian captain has to be landed on the coast of South America, along with a priest.
• Soon the exhausted expedition crosses the Pacific Ocean and reaches the Philippines, where our hero decides to play a war with the local natives, for which those take his life. On this trip around the world For Magellan ends.
• Will sail to Spain one shabby ship with a crew in 18 people(approximate mortality for the expedition - 90 percent).

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Wandering the streets of unforgettable Barcelona last summer, I somehow stumbled upon a copy legendary ship"Victoria", the only surviving and reaching the final goal of the ship Ferdinand Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world.

Who made the first circumnavigation of the world

Sailing under the Spanish flags and the guidance of the Portuguese Magellan started on September 20, 1519 from the south Iberian Peninsula. By this time, it had already become clear that Columbus did not reach India at all, but discovered. Question western way to India was still not closed. This was the goal of the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan. It included five vessels:

1. "Trinidad".
2. "San Antonio".
3. "Concepcion".
4. "Victoria".
5. "Santiago".

What was discovered by Magellan's expedition

The list of discoveries is long and important today more than ever:

• La Plata river- before that, this body of water was considered to be a strait connecting Atlantic Ocean with the alleged South Sea;
• - the name was given from the term patagon, which the members of the expedition called local, very tall residents;
• Strait of Magellan- connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans;
• - an archipelago of islands in the extreme south of South America, so named because at night lights were often seen with it;
• Pacific Ocean- Magellan entered it on November 28, 1520;
• Philippine Islands Magellan was the first European to visit them.

Exactly on one of Philippine Islands Magellan was killed by the locals who opposed the new order.
From the whole expedition on September 22, 1522, only one ship managed to reach Spain from the East - Victoria with 18 crew members. Despite this the goal of the expedition was achieved(although it was originally planned to reach only the Moluccas and return back) and the voyage ended in success.

The fate of the ships of the first circumnavigation

"Trinidad" after the expedition reached the Moluccas, he sailed back to South America, but got into a storm and was captured by the Portuguese. "San Antonio" after a mutiny in the Strait of Magellan, he returned to Spain. "Concepción" was abandoned by the crew and burned on the way from the Philippine Islands to the Moluccas. "Santiago" crashed in Patagonia. "Victoria" reached Spain from the East only due to the threat and fear of the crew members to be captured by the Portuguese.

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When I was in preschool age, it was not possible to find out the answer to any question in Wikipedia. To supplement my knowledge, I used several encyclopedias. I liked the stories about great people so much that I wrote them down in a notebook in abbreviated form. One of these people was just a man who dared to travel around the world - Ferdinand Magellan.

Where the great navigator was born

It happened in the Portuguese city, however, the sources do not give accurate information - in Porto or in Sabroz. Before the famous journey, his life was exciting and dynamic:

• he participated in many battles on the side of Portugal;
• was wounded in the leg, and the limp remained for life;
• promoted from a simple soldier to an adviser to the Viceroy;
• went to the service of the main enemy of Portugal - to Spain (sources disagree whether this was allowed by the king of Portugal, or he renounced citizenship).

How was the first circumnavigation of the world

Magellan was sure that the east of Asia could be reached by sailing from the coast of Europe to the west. He enlisted the support of the Spanish authorities and set off. He had five ships at his disposal, however, three of them were commanded by the Spaniards. It is easy to guess that the attitude of the Spanish captains towards Magellan was very strained. Because of this, one of the ships quickly turned back.

But this is only the beginning of the troubles that haunted Magellan's team. His reconnaissance ship crashed, the Spaniards rebelled, for a long time he could not find the strait between the mainland and the archipelago. True, when the ships entered the open and calm waters, Magellan called the waters "quiet", after everything experienced.

Completion of the circumnavigation

As it turned out, the great man Ferdinand Magellan was not destined to go around the Earth on a ship. Instead, he was dragged into a local conflict in the Philippines. Soon he was killed by unknown natives.

However, the expedition did not end there. And incomplete two dozen people, in 1522, on a collapsing ship, returned home. That is how history was written.

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Once, when I was a teenager, I went to the sea. It was my first trip to the boundless water. And it left a lasting impression. Then I began to dream of a trip around the world by sea. This dream remains unfulfilled to this day. But interest in sea ​​travel I have not lost.

Ferdinand Magellan - the first traveler around the world

In the sixteenth century in Spain, then the mistress of the seas, sea expeditions often gathered and set off. And in 1519 it was time for the first trip around the globe. And although scientists have long proven that the Earth is not flat, people could only believe such evidence.

Five well-equipped ships set off on their way:

• "Trinidad";
• "San Antonio";
• "Concepcion";
• "Victoria";
• "Santiago".

There were at least 265 brave sailors on board. The sailing captain was Ferdinand Magellan.

Failures of the first circumnavigation

No matter how Spain prepared its ships, it was not possible to foresee everything. But the main enemies of the journey were its participants. Rebellious, part of the sailors turned back off the coast of South America. They were afraid to be at the edge of the Earth, because they did not believe in its sphericity.

Shortly thereafter, on one of the islands, the captain himself was killed by the natives. Initially, they accepted people from big ships for the gods. But when they set sail and then returned due to a storm, the natives sensed something was wrong, which is why they attacked the aliens.

And so, in 1922, three years later, only one ship with 18 unknown sailors returned to Spain. But it was they who became the first to circumnavigate the Earth by sea.

First trip around the world from Russia

In our country, as well as in Spain, there have always been many sailors. And in 1803, two ships under the leadership of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky set off on a journey to go around the planet. Both ships successfully completed the route and gave a new impetus to the development of the fleet in Russia.

So, looking back at the past, I understand that today circumnavigation is no longer a dream, but a reality.

Traveling around the world is so romantic! I would love to do it with my loved one! I would like to enjoy together the beauties we have never seen before, discover something new, experience new emotions... And what, probably, indescribable emotions were experienced by a person who made the very first trip around the world. About who they were, I'll tell you.

Traveling across the world

It was first performed 500 years ago! This risky step in those days was dared by the well-known Ferdinand Magellan. However, few people know that famous journey he himself was not destined to complete. For him it was a matter of life:

But he died before the end of the voyage. He was killed while intervening in a civil war between two Aboriginal tribes. Then his team thinned out a lot. Another outstanding navigator had to continue and complete this famous journey. Made by Juan Sebastian Elcano. But it was Magellan who became the founder of the world tour and the great discoverer.

First circumnavigation of the world and the International Date Line

After Magellan's team returned from their journey, people realized the need to introduce the so-called date line. It happened like this. When famous travelers arrived at the point from where they started their journey, they noticed with great surprise that all of Europe was already living on September 7, while on the calendar that was kept on board it was still only the 6th. A mistake in maintaining the calendar on the ship was impossible. But as a result, the whole day was gone! This is due to the peculiarities of the rotation of the Earth.

So that with the rest of the travelers setting sail on long distance, such an incident did not happen, a conditional date line was introduced. It runs along the 180 meridian. Its peculiarity is that it passes almost completely through the oceanic part of the Earth, affecting the land only in Antarctica. This is done in order to confuse people as little as possible.

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Contrary to popular belief, Ferdinand Magellan personally did not circumnavigate the globe, although he tried very hard. And even more so, he did not set himself the goal of making a round-the-world trip. Fernand purposefully went for spices - gold of the 16th century, and everything else was not interesting to him. He wanted to get to them by the shortest route, and, in his opinion, the direction to America was just that.

At first, Fernand tried to interest the Portuguese. The main argument was the Moluccas, where there were a lot of cheap spices. Magellan was there twice and knew firsthand about the commercial benefits of this flight, and he offered to get to them from the side of the newly discovered America. But the Portuguese king chose not to go into adventure and continue to use the classic, albeit dangerous route through the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Fernand went to Spain in search of a more accommodating king.

The Spaniard turned out to be receptive to the arguments of the sea wolf and gave the green light to the equipment of the expedition. September 20, 1519 - historical date the start of the round-the-world regatta led by Fernand Magellan - a flotilla of five ships and 256 people left the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda.

At Dawson Island, the strait divides into two channels, and Magellan again separates the flotilla. The San Antonio and the Concepción are heading southeast, the other two ships are left to rest, and a boat is heading southwest. Three days later the boat returns and the sailors report that they have seen the open sea. Soon the Conspecion returns, but there is no news from the San Antonio. November 28, 1520 Magellan's ships set sail. The journey through the strait took 38 days. For many years, Magellan will remain the only captain who passed the strait and did not lose a single ship.

Leaving the strait, Magellan walked north for 15 days, reaching 38 ° S, where he turned to the northwest, and on December 21, 1520, having reached 30 ° S, turned to the north-west. The flotilla passed through the Pacific Ocean for at least 17 thousand km. The expedition, not ready for such a transition, experienced enormous hardships.

During the voyage, the expedition reached 10 °C. and turned out to be noticeably north of the Moluccas, which she aspired to. Perhaps Magellan wanted to make sure that the South Sea discovered by Balboa was part of this ocean, or perhaps he was afraid of meeting with the Portuguese, which would have ended in failure for his battered expedition. On January 24, 1521, the sailors saw desert island(from the Tuamotu archipelago). There was no way to land on it. After 10 days, another island was discovered (in the Line archipelago). They also failed to land, but the expedition caught sharks for food.

On March 6, 1521, the flotilla saw the island of Guam from the group Mariana Islands. It was inhabited. Boats surrounded the flotilla, trading began. It soon became clear that locals steal from the ships everything that comes to hand. When they stole the boat, the Europeans could not stand it. They landed on the island and burned the village of the islanders, killing 7 people in the process. After that, they took the boat and took fresh food. The islands were named Thieves (Landrones). As the flotilla left, the locals chased the ships in boats, throwing stones at them, but without much success.

A few days later, the Spaniards were the first of the Europeans to reach the Philippine Islands, which Magellan called the archipelago of St. Lazarus. Fearing new clashes, he is looking for an uninhabited island. On March 17, the Spaniards landed on Homonhom Island. The Pacific crossing is over. An infirmary was set up on the island of Homonhom, where all the sick were transferred. Fresh food quickly cured the sailors, and the flotilla set off for further way among the islands. On one of them, Magellan's slave Enrique, who was born in Sumatra, met people who spoke his language. The circle is closed. For the first time, a man circumnavigated the earth.

On April 7, 1521, the expedition entered the port of Cebu on the island of the same name. The places were civilized, and they even tried to take trade duties from the Europeans. The Spaniards refused to pay, and a Muslim merchant who happened to be in the city advised the Rajah not to fight the Europeans, and the demand was withdrawn.

A brisk trade began. For iron products, the islanders easily gave gold and products. Impressed by the strength of the Spaniards and their weapons, the ruler of the island, Raja Humabon, agrees to surrender himself under the protection of the Spanish king and is soon baptized under the name Carlos. Following him, his family is baptized, many representatives of the nobility and ordinary islanders. Patronizing the new Carlos Humabon, Magellan tried to bring as many local rulers under his authority.

One of the leaders of the island of Mactan Lapu-Lapu (Silapulapu) opposed the new order and was not going to surrender to the power of Humabon. Magellan organized a military expedition against him. He wanted to visually demonstrate the power of Spain to the locals. The battle turned out to be unprepared. Due to the shoal, ships and boats could not approach close quarters to effectively support the landing squad with fire. During the stay of Europeans in Cebu, local residents had the opportunity to study European weapons and their weaknesses. They moved quickly, preventing the Europeans from aiming, and attacked the sailors in their unarmored legs. When the Spaniards began to retreat, Magellan was killed.

Nine Europeans died in the defeat, but the damage to reputation was enormous. In addition, the loss of an experienced leader immediately made itself felt. Juan Serran and Duarte Barbosa, who led the expedition, entered into negotiations with Lapu-Lapu offering him a ransom for Magellan's body, but he replied that the body would not be given out under any circumstances. The failure of the negotiations finally undermined the prestige of the Spaniards, and soon their ally Humabon lured them to dinner and massacred several dozen people, including almost the entire command staff. The ships had to leave quickly. Being almost at the target, the flotilla spent several months to reach the Moluccas.

Spices were purchased there, and the expedition was to set off on the return route. On the islands, the Spaniards learned that the Portuguese king had declared Magellan a deserter, so his ships were subject to capture. The courts were dilapidated. "Concepción" was previously abandoned by the crew and burned. Only two ships remained. "Trinidad" was repaired and went east to the Spanish possessions in Panama, and "Victoria" - west, bypassing Africa. "Trinidad" fell into a strip of headwinds, was forced to return to Moluccas and was captured by the Portuguese. Most of his crew died in hard labor in India.

"Victoria" under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano continued the route. The crew was replenished with a number of Malay islanders (almost all of them died on the road). The ship soon began to lack provisions (Pigafetta noted in his notes: “Except for rice and water, we didn’t have any food left; due to lack of salt, all meat products spoiled”), and part of the crew began to demand that the captain head for the Portuguese crown of Mozambique and surrender into the hands of the Portuguese. However, most of the sailors and Captain Elcano himself decided to try to sail to Spain at all costs. The Victoria hardly rounded the Cape of Good Hope and then went northwest along the African coast for two months without stopping.

On July 9, 1522, a worn-out ship with an exhausted crew approached the Cape Verde Islands, a Portuguese possession. It was impossible not to make a stop here due to the extreme lack of drinking water and provisions. But after the arrest of 13 people who went for food, "Victoria" hastily moved on.

On September 6, 1522, the Victoria reached Spain, thus becoming the only ship of Magellan's flotilla to return victoriously to Seville. There were eighteen survivors on the ship. Later, in 1525, four more of the 55 crew members of the Trinidad were taken to Spain. Also, those members of the Victoria team who were captured by the Portuguese during a forced stop on the islands were also redeemed from Portuguese captivity. Green Cape.

The sale of the cargo brought by the Victoria not only covered all the expenses of the expedition, but, despite the loss of 4 ships out of 5, made a significant profit. As for the ownership of the Moluccas, the Portuguese king believed in their belonging to Spain and bought them back for a huge sum of 350 thousand gold ducats. In 1523, the report of the imperial secretary Maximilian Transylvanus on the journey was published, and then detailed memoirs of one of the expedition members, the Venetian Antonio Pigafetta, were also published.

Ferdinand Magellan (Fernand de Magallans)- a Portuguese (Spanish) navigator who circled the Victoria on his ship around the Earth, and as he says official history did it first. One strait was even named after him.
So Ferdinand Magellan, a man, commanded the first expedition, which made the first round-the-world trip around the Earth. One thing needs to be understood, that only official versions and sources that have come down to us, there may have been expeditions before. But the historically confirmed round-the-world trip is only Ferdinand Magellan.
World expedition was preparing for several years and on September 20, 1519, a squadron consisting of 5 ships and 256 people, led by Magellan, left the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda (the mouth of the Guadalquivir River) and moved towards South America and on November 29 the squadron reached the coast of Brazil.
On March 6, 1521, the squadron saw the island of Guam big Island from the archipelago of the Mariana Islands, which now belongs to the United States, it is next to it that the deepest place on Earth is located - the Mariana Trench. At that time, the island was already inhabited. It makes no sense to write about the details of Magellan's presence on the island, they say most of this story is fiction.
Next were today's Philippines, where on April 7, 1521, the flotilla entered the port of the island of Cebu, Philippines.
April 27 on the island of Mactan in the Philippines Magellan died at the hands of the rebellious Filipinos.
Next were the Moluccas and the possible purchase of spices.
Only the ship "Victoria" under the leadership of Juan Sebastian Elcano got back, which with difficulty rounded the Cape of Good Hope and then for two months went straight northwest along African coast to Spain.
And on September 6, 1522, the Victoria nevertheless reached Spain, arriving in Seville. The only remaining ship had eighteen surviving crew members. Later, in 1525, four more of the 55 crew members of the Trinidad were taken to Spain. Then the crew members of the Victoria ship were ransomed and returned, who were captured by the Portuguese during a forced stop in July on the Cape Verde Islands in Portugal.

And the purpose of Magellan's journey, according to the stories of historians, was banal and simple; he did not want to be a discoverer or the first person to travel around the world, he just went for spices: pepper, cinnamon and others growing on the Moluccas in pacific ocean.
But there is a more sensible reasoning about this at that time, bronze was of value, and it, in turn, cannot be obtained without tin, and Ferdinand Magellan went for fishing. He sailed not only to the Moluccas, but also to Malaysia, where on the coast in beach sands and there was tin. Also tin ore was in Yemen, Singapore. Therefore, according to another version of historians, this reason for traveling was more rational than, for example, spices.

Ferdinand Magellan's round-the-world map 1519-1522

Modern copy of the ship "Victoria" by Ferdinand Magellan

BBC documentary in the best tradition of the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan