Ladoga and Onega lakes have already reached maturity. How. Onega and Ladoga
Represents the largest freshwater lake Europe. Its length from north to south reaches 185 km, width - 120 km. The surface area of the lake mirror is 18,400 square kilometers. - This the only river, flowing out of the lake, while about a dozen streams and rivers flow into it Leningrad region, Karelia. The Svir River connects the waters of Ladoga and Volkhov - waters of Lake Ladoga and Lake Ilmen. The water depth in the northern part of Ladoga reaches 230 meters.
The name of the lake comes from the location on its 
coast ancient city Ladoga, named in turn from a tributary of the Volkhov River. It was through him in the 9th century that the famous path "From the Varangians to the Greeks" ran.
Geography of Lake Ladoga very extensive. Northern shores for the most part rocky, form many bays and islands. The southern shores are slightly indented, low, and are often flooded in spring. The volume of water in the lake is 908 cubic meters. km. The transparency of its water increases towards the center. If in the mouth areas it is 1-2.5 meters, then in the center of the lake it is 3.5-4 meters. The largest 
transparency of water is observed in winter period west of the Valaam Islands. At this time, it reaches 10 meters. Lake Ladoga is very cold due to the long winter cooling. In summer, the water warms up to 24 degrees, in winter, under the ice, the water temperature is 0-2 degrees.
On Lake Ladoga located a large number of islands. There are about 660 of them. The largest islands are: Valaam (area - 28 sq. km), Riekkalansari (area - 55 sq. km), Kilpola (area - 32 sq. km), Mantsinsaari (area - 39 sq. km). Valaam - largest island Valaam archipelago, is of basalt origin and is covered with dense coniferous forests.
Baikal is the deepest fresh lake tectonic origin located in the south Eastern Siberia. The width of Baikal ranges from 24 to 79 km. maximum depth water, reaching 1637 meters, was established only in 1983 by an expedition led by L. G. Sulimov. The surface area of Lake Baikal is 31,722 sq. km excluding islands, which is approximately equal to [...]
To the northeast of Lake Ladoga is the second largest european lake- Onega. Its area is two, and the volume is three times less than Ladoga. Both of these lakes are located at the junction of the ancient crystalline Baltic Shield and the younger Russian platform, composed of sedimentary rocks. progenitor water system The Gulf of Finland - Ladoga and Onega lakes was a single Baltic periglacial lake. Lake Onega acquired modern look earlier than Ladoga, which for a long time changed the path of its flow to the Gulf of Finland. True, Lake Onega also had a runoff to the side for a short time. White Sea By modern river Onega until the glacier freed the valley of the Svir River. At the same time, the level of Lake Onega dropped sharply.
The basin of Lake Onega consists of the main stretch and several narrow fjord-type bays that go far into the land. The orientation of these bays preserved the memory of the direction of the glacier's movement from the northwest to the southeast. The Povenetsky Bay juts out furthest to the north, and the White Sea-Baltic Canal begins in its upper reaches from the city of Medvezhyegorsk. On the shores of the Unitskaya Bay there are outcrops of shungites - ancient coal deposits transformed by the enormous pressure of the earth's crust. The groundwater, being filtered through shungites, they are completely cleared of impurities, which is why the water of the Unitskaya Bay is unique in its purity. In the upper reaches of the Kondopoga Bay there is a pulp and paper mill, which for a long time polluted the water and the bottom of the bay. After the change in papermaking technology in 1982, wastewater discharges were sharply reduced, and the water quality of the Kondopoga Bay began to improve. On the shore Petrozavodsk Bay the city of Petrozavodsk is located, founded by order of Peter I in 1703, simultaneously with St. Petersburg.
The shores of the northern part of Lake Onega are composed of granites and gneisses, polished by the glacier in the form of "ram's foreheads" - characteristic landforms - gently sloping from the side of the advancing glacier and steep from opposite side. The bottom relief in this part of the lake is characterized by a wide variety of depths and complexity. Coastal ridges, jutting far into the lake in the form of shallow underwater ridges called luds, alternate with the same narrow and deep depressions up to 100 m. Luds are a favorite place for fishing local residents. The most deep depression 119 m is located in the northwestern part of the Big Onego Bay at medium depth lakes 27 m.
The ruggedness of the terrain was the reason for the formation of a huge number of islands in the northern part of Lake Onega. Their total number exceeds 1500, most of the islands are in narrow bays, especially in Unitskaya. On one of the islands of the Great Bay, the Kizhi Museum-Reserve has been organized, where various examples of wooden architecture Karelia. Transported from abandoned surrounding villages collapsing wooden churches, houses, outbuildings were restored and became exhibits of the museum. Here is the world-famous Transfiguration Cathedral "of twenty-two heads", built shortly after the victories won by Peter over the Swedes. On west bank Lake Onega near the village of Shoksha there is a unique exposure to the surface of a very beautiful pink mineral rhodonite in handicrafts. From the Shokshinsky quarry, blanks were obtained for some details of the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
The depths of the southern part of the lake gradually decrease to the south, where Lake Onega is surrounded by a wide low-lying, sometimes swampy plain.
The eastern shore of Lake Onega is a glacial plain, in some places there are outcrops of ancient crystalline rocks. Well-preserved drawings were found on one of the granite remnants in the area of Besov Nos, carved by an ancient man on coastal rocks. As a rule, these are everyday scenes on hunting and fishing plots, however, sometimes difficult-to-explain drawings appear on space plots. Based on these historical monuments, we can recreate the way of life ancient man to understand how important the occupation was for him fishing Which species of fish were valued the most.
More than 1000 rivers flow into Lake Onega, of which only 50 have a length of more than 10 km. Only one river Svir flows out of the lake, after 224 km it flows into Lake Ladoga. The difference in the level marks of Onega and Ladoga lakes is 28 m. Before the construction of the Nizhne- and Verkhne-Svirsky hydroelectric power stations in 1933 and 1952, the river had several rapids that impeded the navigation of large-capacity vessels. The average level of Lake Onega as a result of its regulation by the Svir hydroelectric power stations has risen by 30 cm. Vytegra in the river. Sheksna and the Rybinsk reservoir.
Winter on Lake Onega is severe and long, usually more than 120 days. From November to March, the air temperatures above the lake are negative, stormy winds of western directions often occur. Influenced strong winds cracks and crevices form in the ice cover. The piles of ice on the islands and capes reach a height of several meters. Snow from ice, as a rule, is blown away. An ice-free polynya often remains above the deepest part of the lake. The destruction of the ice cover usually occurs during May, but sometimes you can find floating ice floes in June.
In spring, the water of the lake remains colder than the surrounding land for a long time, which is associated, as on Lake Ladoga, with a temperature feature of + 4 ° C for fresh water have the highest density. Cold air over the lake creates a stable zone of high pressure. Above central regions the lake is at this time quiet clear weather, while over the warm southern regions lakes can pass storms.
For summer, the wind of northern directions is characteristic, often under the influence of this wind local storms are played out, that is, they come over some part of the lake without affecting the entire water area.
Beginning of long winds south direction indicates that the summer on the lake is over. Cyclonic activity increases sharply. Atlantic cyclones bring wind and rainy weather and hover over the lake for a long time, since the water at this time is warmer than the surrounding land.
Strong winds of the same direction in summer and autumn can cause deep cold waters to rise near the windward coast. This phenomenon is called upwelling, the water in the place of upwelling becomes colder by 3-5 °C, it is richer in oxygen and may be attractive for the approach of cold-loving fish that usually live in deep sea trenches, to the shore.
About 50 species of fish are found in Lake Onega, of which vendace, smelt, whitefish, burbot, pike perch, roach, ruff, perch, bream, pike, ide, dace, bleak and a number of others are of commercial importance. The most valuable fish are salmon - salmon, trout, palia. Sturgeons (Baltic sturgeon, sterlet) come across in single specimens and have no commercial value. Attempts to introduce a number of valuable fish species into the lake, such as sturgeon, carp, peled, Baikal omul, have not yet been commercially successful. Serious damage to the reproduction of salmon species was caused by the construction of dams on rivers. Of the 15 salmon rivers, only three have survived - Shuya, Pyalmai Vodla.
In the 1950s, the trawl method of catching fish was actively used, which greatly undermined the reproduction of fish stocks, mainly whitefish and pike perch. Trawl fishing has been banned since 1955.
S. Karetnikov, M. Naumenko, V. Guzivaty
"Sport Fishing No. 3 - 1999"
Attention!
An article from the site " Kaliningrad fishing club"
Karelia… Fabulous forest, lake region! Since childhood, we all know the names of the great Russian lakes - Onega and Ladoga. Remember the Way of Life... Unforgettable beauty of these places, incomparable fishing, many rivers for kayaking attract people to Karelian places. Onega and Ladoga, these are the most large lakes Baltics. Among themselves Lake Onega And Ladoga lake connected big river Svir. This is a navigable river and you can get from one lake to another along it.
Onega Islands
Lake Onega smaller in size Ladoga, but the character is serious. When a storm breaks out, the lake is very angry and lashes out with fury against the rocky shores. The calm water surface of Onega is very beautiful. On Onega lake the pearl of wooden architecture of Kizhi is located. 22 chapters of the Church of the Transfiguration cause admiration and delight. It is impossible to believe that human hands did this ... Well, for industrial purposes Lake Onega man has been using it for a long time and diligently. A huge amount of wood is rafted across the lake. Almost the entire forest is used by Kondopoga paper production. There are many noble species of fish in these parts and many semi-precious and ornamental stones are found. Also not to be missed business card Karelian region - Karelian birch. A tree of amazing beauty and artistic qualities. As if absorbed into the Karelian birch harsh beauty this northern region. One of the largest freshwater lakes in Europe. Many islands, including the famous Valaam, are located in the northwest of Ladoga. Divided from the Baltic by the Korelsky Isthmus, Ladoga carries its waters to the Gulf of Finland along the Neva River.
is an important component Volga-Balta, along which ships pass from the Volga River to the Baltic Sea. Ladoga as a lake was formed a very long time ago. Part of Ladoga lies on the Baltic Shield, the other on the East European Plates. The last changes in the configuration of the lake took place about 2.5 thousand years ago. In general, of course, the so-called Valdai Glacier was of great importance in the creation of the lake, after the melting of which such an amount of water was released that it affected the entire northwestern region.
People, of course, go to Ladoga without thinking about what was here 12 thousand years ago. Wonderful nature, expanses of water, wooded mountain ranges. Places rich in hunting and fishing ... And also on Ladoga there are Holy place Russia - . To him, this wonderful and Holy place of Russia will be dedicated to its own history, which can be read on the site.
By Onega And Ladoga several tourist routes. There are many here historical monuments. These lakes are inextricably linked in the minds of every person with the word Russia ... And to visit these amazing places you can follow Northern way river cruises across Russia.
LADOGA AND ONEGA LAKE.
Lakes, like other geographical features, have their own names. Although not all lakes have their own name. There are many unnamed lakes. Usually this is quite
lazy lakes or lakes unknown to man. This happens where the population is rare or the area is not developed by man at all. Most often, the names of lakes indicate their specific features: shape, size, depth, color, water quality, nature of the surrounding area.
Lake Onega in translation from the ancient Finnish language means a smoking lake. In 1981 Lake Onega woke up in the middle of winter.
Heavy winds broke half a meter of ice, and storm waves
we lifted a whitish veil of fog above us. True, such a case
eats infrequently. Fogs form on the lake in autumn, when the surface
its intensity cools down rapidly.
Neighboring Ladoga in the Scandinavian sagas and in treaties with the Hanseatic
The union, trade and political association of the cities of Western Europe in the 14-16 centuries was called Aldoga. From Finnish
This can be translated as \ wavy \. In stormy weather, high
that waves on Lake Ladoga can reach 4-6 meters, so
The name fits perfectly.
Like many phenomena on earth, the life of lakes has its beginning and end. Appearance, size and depth of lakes change over time
nyayutsya. Their area is reduced, their depths are reduced, and on
At some point, the lakes completely disappear. They either get swamped
Or they dry up. Like a man, lakes in their development experience
There are periods of youth, maturity, old age. True life of lakes is
numbered hundreds, thousands and even millions of years. Although there are
One-day lakes, living just a few days, but this
Ladoga and Onega lakes have already reached maturity. How
Most glacial lakes. Their pits were formed in
Quaternary time, i.e. more than a million years ago. In glacial
Epoch they were occupied by ice. These lakes were filled with water only
after the melting of the glaciers. It happened 10-12 thousand years ago.
Onega and Ladoga lakes are the freshest of large lakes. Nap-
For example, the water of Lake Onega approaches distilled water.
de mineralization \ 30-40 mg.l. \ This is two times lower than the mini
Ralization of Baikal water. In Lake Ladoga, mineralization reaches 45-60 mg/l. This content of a salt solution in a liter of water is 18 times less than the amount felt by the taste organs.
Human. It must be noted that in Western Europe the freshest of the large lakes is Lake Venus. Its mineralization
Makes 20 mg/l.
Lakes are fraught with great wealth. Lakes are fresh water reserves and fishing, mining and transport
Transportation, electricity sources and resorts. For example, La
Doga and Onega lakes are the main sources of water
nobility of large industrial centers of St. Petersburg,
Petrozavodsk, Tallinn and other cities. Over 100 million m3 of water
annually take cities and enterprises located on the coast of Lake Onega. The lakes are rich in fish. For example, in Lake Ladoga, there are 10-17 kg of fish per hectare.
Would. These are whitefish, salmon, smelt, vendace, pike perch, nelma, bream, pike,
Perch, roach.
In terms of transportation, the L. and O. lakes are the most important in Western Europe. They are part of the Volga-Baltic water system.
tral and southern regions of our country, but also the Baltic
Skye states of Western Europe. The bulk of the cargo turnover here is made up of building materials, timber, coal, and ore. In the European part of Russia, many all-Union
And local tourist routes.
For example, L. lake is the personification of a harsh, but beautiful
noah northern nature. The high northern shores are indented many-
Numerous narrow bays with many islands that
It has long been called the pearl of the Russian North. It is here that the wild and harsh nature of the granite islands covered with centuries-old forests is most in tune with the boundless expanse of the Ladoga waters.
Lake Onega is distinguished by its peculiar beauty. special lively
Numerous islands, of which there are more than 1.5 thousand, give it a written character. One of them houses the unique Kizhi Museum-Reserve. Here is the miracle of the ancient
Russian wooden architecture-twenty-domed Kizhi Cathedral.
Ladoga lake. It is located in the Leningrad region and Ka-
rail republic and extends to the south for 206 kilometers, and from west to east for 130 km. The area of the lake is 18400 sq. km., average
The depth is 51 meters, the greatest is up to 23 m. The rivers Volkhov, Svir, Vuoksa, etc. flow into the lake. Only the Neva flows out.
On the shores of L. and O. Lakes there are the richest deposits of building, ornamental, precious and semi-precious stones - amethyst, garnet, holcedony, moon and sun stones, raspberry quartz, various marbles, granites.
Lake Onega is indented by a large number of bays. Its area
about 10 thousand sq. km., maximum length 248 km., the greatest width - 83 km., the maximum depth - 115 m.
Ladoga lake. ancient name his Nebo. In terms of the area of the water surface, equal to 18400 km2, it ranks first in Europe, and among the lakes of Russia - the third place, behind the Caspian Sea and Baikal.
Lake Ladoga collects water from a vast basin with an area of 276,000 km 2, which includes the Vuoksa river basins from Lake. Saimaa (located in Finland), Svir with Lake Onega and Volkhov with Lake. Ilmen. The Neva flows out of the lake, which is short, but powerful river connecting it with the Baltic Sea. Elevation of the level of Lake Ladoga above the level Baltic Sea averages 4.3 m. During the period of water surges from the side Gulf of Finland, when the level rise at the mouth of the Neva reaches 4 m, the backwater extends almost to the lake itself.
Lake Ladoga in Russia
The basin of Lake Ladoga is a fault depression, the bottom of which is located below sea level. In the Quaternary period, it was exposed to glaciation, and the most significant changes occurred in the northern part, where numerous narrow bays were developed by the glacier.
Lake Ladoga can be considered as a residual (relic) reservoir, since at the end of the Ice Age, during a period of higher level standing, the Yoldian, Ancylus and Littorin Seas were successively located in its place.
The basin of the lake is quite clearly divided into two parts: the northern one is deeper (up to 225 m), with an uneven bottom, pitted with numerous gutters and pits, and the southern one, with depths not exceeding 40 m, and a flat bottom. The capacity of the basin is about 900 km 3 .
north coast the lakes are high, rocky, indented by gulfs deeply protruding into the land. South coast low and gentle; it forms vast bays called bays (Shlisselburgskaya, Svirskaya and Volkhovskaya bays).
Islands, up to 500 in number, are located mainly in the northern part of the lake; the largest of them is about. Balaam. In the western part of the lake is located about. Krnevets. IN southern half there are only small islands - shallows. Among them is Fr. Sukho, which is a small artificial island about 50x50 m in size, on which a lighthouse and a hydrometeorological station are located.
View from space of Lake Ladoga (left) and Lake Onega (right)
The level of the lake during the year fluctuates between 50-70 cm. The long-term amplitude of level fluctuations reaches 2.9 m. The highest level is observed in June. The lake is often rough; wave height reaches 2 m or more.
The currents in Lake Ladoga are predominantly wind (drift), there was a theory about the presence of a constant circular current in it, which was refuted by studies of the State Hydrological Institute. In the Volkhov, Svir and other bays there are more or less constant currents caused by the inflow of river waters.
The thermal regime of the lake is peculiar. His South part in summer it gets very hot, and the water temperature near the coast reaches 24°, and in the central part - up to 18-20°. The northern deep-water part of the reservoir warms up less, so the water temperature on the surface does not exceed 15-17 °.
At a depth of 10-15 m from the surface of the water there is a jump layer, i.e. a layer of a sharp drop in water temperature. At a depth of 15-18 m, the temperature in summer is 4-4.5°, in the bottom layers in winter it drops to 1-2°. The transparency of the water is low and even in the open part of the lake does not exceed 4.5-5.0 m. In the mass, the water has a brownish-greenish tint, which is given to it by swamp waters brought by rivers. In autumn, the lake slowly cools down. In November, its shallow bays freeze, then fast ice appears, which, expanding, captures the open part of the lake. The process of freezing of the lake is delayed until January. The central, deepest part freezes in January-February, and then only in harsh winters. During the Great Patriotic War an ice road was laid on the ice of the lake through the Shlisselburg Bay, which played an outstanding role in the supply and defense of Leningrad.
The clearing of the lake from ice occurs much later (compared to rivers, usually ice lasts until the first half of May.
Lake Ladoga regulates the flow of the Neva and has a large transport value; it is an important link in the system of the White Sea-Baltic and Volga-Baltic waterways. Along it south coast for the safety of navigation, two canals were laid: Staraya Ladoga, begun by construction under Peter I (1719-1731), and parallel to it, deeper Novo-Ladoga, dug in 1861-1866. during the reconstruction of the Mariinsky system. The importance of the lake for the country's fisheries is also great.
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