Religious reasons for migration. Essence and types of migration

Migration processes in the world

Ural State University A.M. Gorky

Faculty of Political Science and Sociology

Department of Theory and History of Sociology

Demography essay

Migration processes in the world.

Artist: student of group 202

Schroeder T.A.

Lecturer: Ph.D. philosophy Sciences,

Associate Professor Levchenko I.E.

Yekaterinburg, 2001

Introduction. 4

Chapter 1. General information about population migration. 6

Types of migrations. 6

population immigration. 9

Emigration. 10

Urbanization. eleven

Basic functions of migration. 13

The structure of the migration process. The concept of migration flow. 16

Chapter 2. Causes of migrations and their historical conditionality. 20

Conclusion. 26

Bibliography. 27

Introduction.

Population migrations - population movements associated with a change of residence. Population migrations are one of the most important problems of population and are considered not only as a simple mechanical movement of people, but as a complex social process that affects many aspects of socio-economic life. Population migrations. played an outstanding role in the history of mankind, the processes of settlement, economic development of the earth, the development of productive forces, the formation and mixing of races, languages ​​and peoples are associated with them. Population migrations. have a variety of aspects; their nature and structure, the consequences that they cause, explore a number of sciences - demography, economics, geography, sociology, statistics, ethnography, etc. Studies of population migration are of applied importance. for the purposes of general economic and regional planning, the use of labor resources.

A positive moment in migration is the resettlement of peoples: a certain number and population density are necessary prerequisites for the development of each country. Although it is impossible to exaggerate the role of population density and establish a direct relationship between it and the level of socio-economic development. Finally, some states (USA, Australia, Canada, Israel) are practically created by migrants.

Nowadays, migration processes in the world are quite intense, although many countries impose entry restrictions.

Taking into account these factors, one cannot belittle the role of population migration and, accordingly, question the relevance of the topic.

Chapter 1. General information about population migration.

Translated from the Latin migratio means moving, resettlement. Migration of the population is considered in the narrow and broad sense of the word. In a narrow sense, population migration is a complete type of territorial movement, culminating in a change of permanent place of residence, i.e. literally means "resettlement". Population migration in the broad sense of the word is any territorial movement that takes place between different settlements of one or more administrative-territorial units, regardless of duration, regularity and target orientation.

Types of migrations.

Migration of the population in a broad sense covers four types of movements: irrevocable, pendulum, episodic, seasonal. The listed species are specific in nature, and the population participating in them pursues a variety of goals.

An irrevocable species (or resettlement) can be called population migration in the strict sense of the word, i.e. displacement of the population, which leads to its territorial redistribution. Irreversible migration simultaneously meets two conditions: Firstly, the population moves from one settlement to another and, secondly, the movements are accompanied by a change of permanent residence.

Seasonal migrations of the population are the movements of the mainly able-bodied population to places of temporary work and residence, usually for a period of several months, with the possibility of returning to the place of permanent residence. For the most part, they are aimed at satisfying the labor needs of industries with a seasonal nature of production.

Pendulum migrations represent daily or weekly trips of the population from places of residence to places of work (and vice versa) located in different settlements, and they cannot be considered as migrations of the population in pure form. UN statistics recognize as migrants persons living in a new place for more than 6 months. Sometimes tourism, resort trips, pilgrimage, etc. are referred to as population migrations, which, however, is incorrect, because there is no change of residence.

Migration of the population increases the qualitative and quantitative labor resources of those settlements where the number of jobs exceeds their own labor resources or does not correspond to the professional and qualification structure of the population. The pendulum migration of the population creates conditions for satisfying the various labor needs of residents, as a rule, of small settlements, in which the choice of jobs is qualitatively and sometimes quantitatively limited.

Episodic migrations of the population are business, recreational and other trips that are not only irregular in time, but not necessarily in the same directions. If the able-bodied contingent participates in business trips, then the rest of the population also participates in recreational trips. The composition of participants in episodic migrations of the population is very diverse. In terms of scale, this type of migration surpasses all others. Episodic migrations do not differ from seasonal migrations either in their duration or goals: they can be not only recreational, but also labor.

All types of population migration are closely interconnected. For the population involved in movements, one type of population migration can turn into another or act as its starting point. In particular, episodic, pendulum and seasonal migration of the population are sometimes the forerunners of irrevocable migration of the population, since they create conditions (primarily informational) for choosing a permanent place of residence.

Each of these types of population migration can be considered in two ways: as inter-territorial and inter-settlement movement.

In inter-territorial migrations of the population, flows are usually distinguished: intra- and inter-regional, intra- and inter-republican, intra- and inter-district. In inter-settlement migration flows, four directions can be distinguished: within urban areas, i.e. between cities and urban-type settlements; inside the countryside, i.e. between rural settlements, as well as between rural and urban settlements, and in one case this is a rural-urban migration movement, and in the other - an urban-rural one. The last two directions are usually referred to as rural-urban migration. According to the All-Union Sample Survey of the Population in 1985, the main directions of migration in the USSR were moving from villages to cities (40%) and from cities to cities (34%). Moving from one rural area to another accounted for 19%, and from the city to the village - 7%.

population immigration.

Immigration of the population - entry into the country for permanent or temporary residence of citizens of other countries. population immigration. determined by a number of reasons: economic (importation of labor or entry into countries with more favorable working conditions or higher living standards, etc.), military (seizure of foreign lands and their military colonization) and political (flight from political, national, racial , religious and other persecution, the exchange of national minorities between states, etc.). Population immigration played a crucial role in the settlement of some parts of the world and the formation of the population of many countries of the world. Population immigration has a significant impact on population dynamics; its demographic consequences are determined not only by the number of migrants, but also by the peculiarity of their gender and age structure: a noticeable predominance of young and middle-aged people, as well as men, among the migrants. Immigration leads to a mixture of various ethnic groups of the population, as a result of which new nations and nationalities are formed. This is a phenomenon. characteristic of all historical epochs. The migrations that took place over the past two thousand years, such as the Great Migration of Peoples in Europe (4th-7th centuries), migrations associated with the Arab conquests (7th-8th centuries), with the expansion of the Turkic peoples, had a huge impact on the formation of the population of Eurasia. -Mongols (11-17 centuries). The era of the Great Geographical Discoveries (mid-15th - mid-17th centuries) marked the beginning of a broad development of intercontinental migrations, mainly from Europe to other parts of the world, primarily to America and Australia. In the 20th century the pace of migration is unabated, although the migration itself takes on a different aspect in a number of cases: the huge population movements associated with the two world wars; the resettlement of more than 16 million people, caused by the division of British India into two independent states - India and Pakistan; migrations associated with the resettlement of Jews to Israel and the flight and expulsion of Arabs from there, etc. At the same time, there are still significant migrations for economic reasons. After World War II (1939–45), the immigration of labor force to the developed countries of Western Europe gained wide scope (the number of immigrants reaches 8 million people, including 3.4 million in France, 2 million in Germany, and 1 million in Switzerland). million, or 16% of the country's population, etc.). Countries supplying immigrants: Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, North African countries.

Emigration.

Emigration of the population - departure from the country, resettlement to another country for the purpose of permanent residence or temporary justification, usually for work. Emigration of the population. it can be permanent (“final”) and temporary, even only seasonal, the term of which is sometimes limited by the contract or other conditions of employment (for example, for harvesting, etc.). Along with the emigration of the population for economic reasons, they have. a place of resettlement from one country to another for political, ethnic, religious reasons. In the 2nd half of the 20th century. main emigration flows - departure from countries Western Europe to the USA, Canada, Australia and some other countries (this is usually permanent emigration) and the influx of “cheap” labor from developing countries into the countries of Western Europe (this is usually temporary emigration).

Urbanization.

Urbanization (French urbanisation, from lat. urbanus - city, urbs - city) - the historical process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, which covers the socio-professional, demographic structure of the population, its lifestyle, culture, location, forces, resettlement and etc. Urbanization has a huge impact on the development of various socio-economic formations and states, it is with cities that the main achievements of civilization are associated. In the 3rd-1st millennium BC. e. cities appeared in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, India, Asia Minor, China; Athens, Rome, Carthage played a huge role in the Greco-Roman world. In the cities of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, elements of the capitalist mode of production and bourgeois culture were formed. Strengthening the process of urbanization in the 19th century. caused an increase in the concentration of the population in cities, which was made possible due to the growth of industry, the intensification of agriculture, the development of means of transport and communications, medicine, etc. K. Marx noted the role of “urban relations”, the penetration of which into the countryside characterizes “recent history”.

Between 1926 and early 1975 the urban population of the USSR increased almost 5.8 times, from 26.3 million to 153.1 million people. By mid-1976, his share was 62%.

The share of the urban population in other regions of the world was (by 1970): in foreign Europe - 63.6%, foreign Asia - 24.7%, Africa - 22.3%, North. America - 74.5%, Latin America - 56.2%, Australia and Oceania - 67.9% of the total population. In individual developed capitalist countries, the proportion of the urban population was: in the USA - 73.5%, Germany - 82.2%, Great Britain - 79.1%, France - 70% (1968), Italy - 51.5%. During 1965–70, the number of city dwellers in the world grew 1.5–2.5 times faster than the entire population of the world.

Urbanization, urban development are caused by the objective need to concentrate and integrate various forms and types of material and spiritual activities, communication, strengthening ties between various spheres of production, science and culture, which, in turn, increases the intensity and efficiency of social processes. These processes are most effective in the largest urban centers, large cities, where the interaction of socio-political, economic, scientific and technical factors, cultural traditions, various segments of the population, etc. is especially fruitful. It was in the largest urban centers that advanced social ideas and movements arose and concentrated. At the present stage of urbanization, there is a tendency towards an increase in the concentration of the population in large cities (100 thousand people or more). In the USSR in 1970, 31.2% of the total population lived in such cities, 45.6% in Great Britain, and 48.2% in Japan. A special place in this process is occupied by the growth of “millionaire” cities, the number of which in the world is about 150, including 12 in Russia.

The process of urbanization has two sides, or “phases”. In the first "phase" there is a concentration and accumulation of the economic and cultural potential of society in large urban centers, which creates conditions for the formation of the highest achievements and models of material and spiritual activity. In the second “phase”, these achievements are mastered by other, non-central cities and rural settlements, which, in turn, gives a new impetus to building the capacity of the main centers. The effectiveness of this two-pronged process depends on the socio-economic nature of society. Under capitalism, the interaction of the two sides of urbanization is disrupted; social disunity opposes the integrative nature of urbanization, the clash of antagonistic interests of classes and social groups, private ownership of land, the opposition of centers and stagnant periphery give rise to a crisis of cities. The process of urbanization is spontaneous. In the big cities of the capitalist countries, the problems of unemployment and crime are becoming especially acute, slum areas, ethnic ghettos, and so on are taking shape. In this regard, anti-urban sentiments are intensifying in bourgeois society (for example, “anti-urbanism” in the USA).

An important role is played by the process of urbanization in developing countries. For all its complexity and pain (the rapid concentration in cities of the rural population unprepared for “urban” work, limited material resources, etc.), it contributes to the formation of a modern economy, overcoming backwardness and diversity, national consolidation, and the development of the socio-political structure of society.

Basic functions of migration.

Population migration affects social development through the implementation of its functions - those specific roles that population migration plays in the life of society. The functions of population migration are not unambiguous. On the one hand, they are presented as independent of the type of socio-economic system and the characteristics of individual societies. And on the other - as functions, the nature of which is determined by the socio-economic conditions of specific societies. The first are the general functions of population migration, the second are the specific functions of population migration of a particular socio-economic formation. The most common functions of population migration include accelerating, selective and redistributive.

The accelerating function consists in providing one or another level of spatial mobility and means both the turnover of the composition of the inhabitants of different regions and the expansion of the number of places of residence by individual citizens. Territorial movements contribute to changing the socio-psychological image of migrants, expanding their horizons, accumulating knowledge about various areas of life, exchanging work skills and industrial experience, developing the individual, their material, social and spiritual needs, and integrating national cultures.

The second function is the redistribution of the total population, associated with the distribution of productive forces, between individual territories of the country, including between natural zones, regions, different types urban and rural settlements. Migration of the population in its redistributive function not only increases the population of certain territories, but also indirectly affects the demographic dynamics by the fact that migrants participate in the reproduction of the population. Therefore, the importance of population migration in changing the population of a particular territory is always greater than the proportion of migrants in the population of this area.

The essence of the selective function of population migration is that the uneven participation of the population of various socio-demographic groups in migration leads to a change in the qualitative composition of the population of different territories. Experience shows that men and people of working age participate in migration more actively than disabled people and women. There are great differences in the migration mobility of people of different nationalities and people born in a particular area, on the one hand, and recently settled there from other areas, on the other.

The general functions of population migration have some independence and, at the same time, are closely interconnected. Territorial redistribution of the population and changes in its qualitative composition are carried out only with the corresponding mobility of the population. The quantitative redistribution of the population may or may not be combined with a change in the composition of the population of areas of outflow or inflow of migrants. In the same way, intensive qualitative selection of the population can occur even when the quantitative result of the redistribution is negligible.

Migration of the population in various conditions performs its specific functions, the most important of which are economic and social.

The economic function in its most general form is to ensure the connection of geographically distributed means of production with the necessary labor force and their functioning in the production process. The implementation of this task in full on the basis of the implementation of the general functions of population migration leads to the provision of quantitative and qualitative correspondence between the material and personal factors of production.

The social function of population migration is entirely determined by production relations and contributes to the improvement of living standards and the social development of the working people.

From the standpoint of managing population migration, it is necessary to create conditions under which economic and social functions would be in harmony, and not in contradiction, such as, for example, lagging behind the standard of living of the population in those areas in which the productive forces should develop at a faster pace.

The structure of the migration process. The concept of migration flow.

Population migration is a complex socio-demographic process. It consists of three stages: initial, or preparatory, representing the process of formation of the territorial mobility of the population; the main stage or actual resettlement of the population; final, acting as the survival rate of migrants in a new place. The individual stages of the migration process are closely linked. A migrant is a future newcomer during the period of his territorial movement, and a newcomer is a former migrant during the period of his settlement and adaptation in the area of ​​settlement. The extreme stages of the process are also connected. So, new settlers, having increased migration activity, are also potential migrants to a large extent.

The population living in different regions of the country, in settlements of different social status, differs in the level of migration mobility, which depends both on the degree of socialization of individuals, certain groups and the population of a particular territorial unit as a whole, and on the characteristics of its structure (age, sex, genetic, ethnic, social, etc.).

The set of migrations that take place at a certain time within the framework of a particular territorial system, i.e. between its parts, represents the migration flow. According to available estimates, in the 1970s. In the USSR, 15-16 million resettlements took place annually. The migration flow is not only a statistically significant value, but also an extremely diverse set in a structural sense. Domestic and foreign studies have shown that an increased proportion of men, people of working age and single people in the migration flow compared to the country's population as a whole is the most common socio-demographic feature of the migration structure; moreover, this is a regularity of migration processes in general, and not just one country or another. At the same time, there are more specific features that depend on the ethnic composition of the population, on the production specialization of territories, on historically established migration ties, etc. But these features are limited, often regional in nature.

The main determinants of the power of migration flows are the population of the territories between which migration links are carried out, and their location. The larger the population of the territories between which migration is exchanged, the more powerful the migration flows. And the closer the territories are located, the more intense their migration ties and, consequently, the greater the migration flows. The power of migration flows is affected by ethnic, economic and natural factors, as well as historically established ties, management decisions, etc. However, all this is either episodic or limited localization, in contrast to such factors as the proximity of territories and population.

In the migration of the population of our country, there are three most important economic and socio-demographic directions: the movement of the population to the sparsely populated eastern and northern regions of the country, the continuous outflow of residents from the village to the city, the intensive and highly productive influx of migrants to large and largest cities, to regional and republican centers.

Regardless of the nature of the tasks facing in the field of regulation of all three directions in which migration flows are concentrated, for the management of population migration at the resettlement stage, the first condition is to identify possible areas and exit points for migrants, as well as places of their settlement according to the criterion of labor supply. The solution to this problem is connected with the improvement of the development of the balance of labor resources in all territories and large settlements.

The final stage of the migration process is the survival rate of new settlers, i.e. the process of transition of new settlers to the old-timers. An increase in the survival rate of migrants in the place of settlement is the opposite of the intensification of the migration mobility of the population. Settlement is that part of the migration process, the beginning of which is in the transformation of a migrant into a new settler, and the end is in the transition of a new settler into the old-timers. Structurally, survival includes two main components, one of which is adaptation, i.e. the process of adaptation of a migrant to new living conditions for him in the place of settlement.

According to the results of research by Soviet scientists, the survival time of new settlers in different areas varies on average about 10 years. This period depends on the places where migrants leave, changes in settlement status during resettlement, the degree of differences in the structure of migrants and the population of areas of settlement, etc. Many studies have established that people from villages take root better in cities, and in inter-district migrations, migrants from the same region take root better, etc. In general, the survival rate of new settlers differs in great territorial diversity. It depends on the geographical structure of migration links, differences in natural and geographical environments, settled statuses, the structure of migration flows, the conditions for migrants to settle in new places, etc. By regulating these flows and creating timely conditions for the rapid settlement of migrants and their successful adaptation, it is possible to increase the efficiency of survival and migration processes in general.

Chapter 2. Causes of migrations and their historical conditionality.

Each social formation is associated with specific forms and causes of population migration, volumes and directions of migration flows. The earliest migrations of the population include the spontaneous settlements of ancient tribes that lasted for millennia throughout the globe, which were peaceful in the development of new territories. Later, in the era of the collapse of the primitive communal system, with the development of production and the growth of the population, its mass movements occurred as a result of a clash of tribes; all this was accompanied by the formation and destruction of early class states, the formation of new peoples. At the end of ancient times and the beginning of the Middle Ages, as a result of the Great Migration of Nations, a mixture of different tribes took place, which had a decisive influence on the formation of the modern ethnic composition of the European population. During the period of feudalism, mass migrations of the population were associated with the flight of peasants from feudal oppression to free lands, as well as with the forced resettlement of serfs to lands seized by feudal lords.

External (large intercontinental) migrations of the population followed after the Great geographical discoveries. In the era of the primitive accumulation of capital, these migrations of the population were associated with the colonization of lands discovered and seized by Europeans in America, Asia and Africa, the extermination and displacement of the indigenous population deep into the country. In the 16-18 centuries. A significant part of America was settled by free settlers from Europe and Negro slaves from Africa; before the beginning of the 19th century. the importation of slaves exceeded the influx of free people.

With the development of capitalism throughout the 19th century. the volume of population migration is increasing. Interstate migrations of the population, generated by the relative overpopulation of some countries and the shortage of workers in other countries, are intensifying. The main centers of attraction for migrants were the United States and Canada, to a lesser extent - Australia and New Zealand, individual countries of South America - Argentina, Brazil, and South Africa. For the resettlement migration of the population of the period of developed capitalism, it was characteristic that at the beginning, up to the 90s. In the 19th century, the migration flow came from the industrially developed capitalist countries of Europe - Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, the Scandinavian countries, and then, from the end of the 19th century, an even more numerous flow was made up of immigrants from less industrial, but covered by an agrarian crisis, the countries of the South and East Europe - Italy, Poland, Hungary, Russia, etc. VI Lenin called these two stages "old immigration" and "new immigration". Emigration from Europe reached its greatest intensity in 1900-14 (during this time about 20 million people left, almost 3/5 of them settled in the USA). After the 1st World War of 1914-1918, as the general crisis of capitalism expanded and deepened, the appearance of a permanent army of unemployed population migration decreased sharply, because. encountered restrictive legislative measures from a number of countries, especially the United States and Australia (the so-called restrictive restrictions).

Asia in the first third of the 20th century. interstate migrations of the population gained scope, associated with the mass recruitment of cheap labor (mainly in China and India) to work on foreign plantations in the countries of Southeast Asia and East Africa.

Along with migrations of the population, which are based on socio-economic factors, in some periods there are migrations of the population for political reasons (the formation of new states, changes in state borders, political and economic transformations in states). Sometimes national and religious factors play a significant role in population migration.

Large scale population migrations took place during and after

2nd World War 1939-1945. A significant contingent of migrants were refugees and displaced persons. As a result of the defeat of fascist Germany, about 9.7 million Germans were resettled in an organized manner from Poland and Czechoslovakia to the GDR, the FRG and West Berlin; accordingly, about 5 million Poles and about 2.3 million Czechs moved to the liberated regions. When formed on the territory of the former Brit. the colonies of India, two independent states - India and Pakistan, the exchange of population between these states, mainly on religious grounds, covered about 16 million Muslims and Hindus. The repatriation of the Japanese after the war to Japan from China, Korea, and other regions of Asia covered about 6.3 million people.

After the war, restrictive restrictions on interstate migration of the population became even more intensified (in particular, a special term "unwanted foreigner" appeared). In the early 1970s immigration (from Europe) to the United States did not exceed 100-150 thousand people annually, and to Canada and Australia - 100 thousand each. "brain drain"; it began in the 1930s, when the United States received a monopoly on the selection of scientists - refugees from fascist Germany.

In the 1960s - early 70s. migration of the population from the less developed countries of Europe to the more developed ones - Germany, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland (the number of migrants, mainly unskilled workers, here reaches 5-8 million people in different years) has been widely developed.

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Population migration

Population and economy

Topic 7. Economic and socio-political aspects of population reproduction

7.1. Population and economy.

7.2. Population migration.

7.3. Effective indicators of reproduction.

7.4. replacement indicators.

7.5. Generation length and true natural reproduction rate.

7.6. Demographic situation and demographic policy.

The population is an active participant in economic processes. On the one hand, the population acts as an object of the economy, which is studied by the economy, and on which it is trying to influence - the labor force, consumers. But on the other hand, both the labor force and consumers, by their behavior, in which there is always room for choice, can themselves influence and influence the development of the economy. Thus, the population, consisting of various social groups of people, is also the subject of the economy.

The state and level of development of the economy to a large extent affect the reproduction of the population, its natural and mechanical movement.

All countries of the world according to the level of economic development are divided into developed and developing. Moreover, these two camps have not only different economic indicators, but also demographic ones. At the same time, with the development of the economy, demographic indicators also change.

So, for example, the following demographic processes are typical for developed countries:

Reducing the level of infant and child mortality;

Increase in life expectancy;

Decreased birth rate;

Increased flows of immigrants (entering the country).

On the contrary, developing countries are characterized by:

High level of child and especially infant mortality;

Low life expectancy;

High birth rate:

Increase in flows of emigrants (leaving the country).

In the previous topics, issues related to natural reproduction (fertility, mortality) were considered. It was also noted that the reproduction of the population is the result of not only natural movement. The reproduction of the population significantly depends on the migration movement associated with the migration of the population.

Population migration - movement for various reasons of people across the borders of certain territorial entities for the purpose of living (recorded in federal program 1997)

Migrant- a person who has moved to a new place of residence.

Migration flow (turnover) - the total number of migrants with common areas of arrival and departure in a given period of time.

There are migration flows:

Direct and reverse;

Dominant and less intense.

Main reasons for migration:

Political (flight of citizens from their country due to coup d'état, change of uniform state government);

Socio-economic (movement of the population in search of work, the so-called "brain drain");

natural (due to natural Disasters: earthquakes, floods, etc.);

Environmental (due to radiation contamination, for example, due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant);

Religious (due to persecution based on religion);

National (due to national persecution).

Distinguish three stages of migration:

Stage I - initial - the process of formation of territorial mobility;

Stage II - the main one - the actual movement;

Stage III - the final one - the survival rate of migrants in a new place.

If we consider migration from different points of view, we can distinguish the following types (types) of migration:

1. In relation to the borders of the state:

External, incl. emigration – departure of citizens from their country;

immigration - the entry of citizens into this country;

Internal - the migration of citizens within their own country.

2. On a temporary basis:

Temporary, or returnable (seasonal, pendulum);

Irrevocable.

3. Depending on the level of organization:

Organized;

Spontaneous (unorganized).

4. From a position of choice:

Voluntary (for example, "brain drain");

Forced (seeking asylum);

Forced (forced displacement of citizens).

5. From the standpoint of legality:

legal;

Illegal.

6. Based on (reasons):

political;

Socio-economic;

Religious, etc.

Introduction

Since the 90s of the twentieth century, Russia has been experiencing a crisis in the economy, international relations, political and social institutions. In addition, economic and man-made disasters occur in a number of regions of the country, military operations flare up, leading to an increase in the number of migrants and refugees, the emergence of national tension in the country, the aggravation of economic problems and stressful situations, and the worsening of the crime situation in a number of regions of Russia.

Mass movements of Russian citizens provoked by the collapse Soviet Union and the fall of the iron curtain. These processes are primarily due to economic reasons.

Emigrants from Russia go to work in almost all countries of the world, and they arrive in Russia mainly from countries former USSR.

Currently, the countries of the world can be divided into three categories:

• Countries sending resource migration;
• Countries receiving migrants;
• Countries participating in both options.

Social institutions dealing with migration problems in modern Russia are various services that are located or run by the government, such as: the Federal Service for Labor and Employment, subordinate to the Ministry of Health and Social Development or controlled by the President, for example, the Migration Service within the Ministry of Internal Affairs and a number of others.

1. Basic concepts and types of population migration

The most important factor reflecting the employment of various socio-demographic groups of the population is the level of their mobility, which characterizes the willingness and ability of the population to change their social status, professional affiliation and place of residence.

The mobility of the population is primarily due to the need of the economy for labor of a certain content and quality, as well as the place of its application. In addition, it is based on the ability and readiness of the individual to change in the essential characteristics of work.

Allocate socio-professional and territorial mobility of the labor force.

The first is a process of changing the content of labor activity under the influence of various socio-economic reasons and, above all, the development of science, technical features implementation of scientific and technological progress in the economy. This type of mobility is directly related to labor turnover.

The second type of mobility - highlighted territorial mobility, or migration. This type of mobility is a characteristic phenomenon of the current state of Russian society. It determines the state of employment in the labor market, the level of unemployment, underlies a number of problems of our reality, and at present it has acquired significant proportions.

Migration is a spatial movement of the population caused by changes in the political, economic, social spheres, changes in the development and location of production, living conditions of people, as well as economic disasters and various political reasons.

With the migration of the population, including the labor force, the processes of settlement and economic development of lands, the development of the productive forces of society, the formation and mixing of races, languages ​​and peoples are connected. Current state Migration in Russia is associated with the social changes of the last ten to fifteen years, which have radically changed the political and social situation on the territory of the Russian Federation. Russia experienced a real migration boom during this period. At different times, many the developed countries also experienced a high degree of intensity of migration of the population, but unlike them, our country faced a high degree of intensity of migration flows in conditions when its economic base was in a state of crisis.

The expansion of migration flows has led to a variety of consequences, which are currently manifested in various areas: political, social, economic, cultural, psychological, etc.

Two approaches are used in the definition of migration: the first “very broad and general” interprets migration as the spatial movement of labor, the second (narrower, special) limits migration to certain limits of the spatial movement of the population. The latter is more consistent with the original meaning of the word migratio (from the Latin "movement," movement ") and defines migration as a movement, the relocation of the population from one settlement to another, associated with a change in the place of residence of people.

It should be noted that contemporary meaning migration, according to many researchers, is much wider. So, in the work of D.I. Valenteya and A.Ya. Kvashi et al. distinguish four positions in the interpretation of population migration:

According to the broadest interpretation, migration includes all types of population movements that are of social significance. This includes not only spatial movements, but also staff turnover, their movement within the enterprise, social movements, etc.

Analyzing this approach, it should be noted that sectoral, professional and other types of population movement are indeed associated with population migration, but only if this movement is accompanied by territorial movement;

All the diversity of the spatial movement of the population, regardless of its nature and goals. This includes moving from one settlement to another, daily trips to work or study both within certain settlements and beyond them, arrival in a particular area for temporary, seasonal work, business trips, vacations, etc.;

Spatial movements that take place between settlements and which lead to a permanent or temporary change of residence, as well as regular two-way traffic between places of residence and areas of work or study (does not include return episodic business and other trips from one settlement to another) ;

A type of spatial movement of the population, which ultimately leads to its territorial redistribution. In this case, the attribution of this type of movement to migration is determined by the actual resettlement from one area to another (and in a number of countries - formal registration at a permanent place of residence). Thus, there is a union of the place of residence with the sphere of application of labor and certain activities in one settlement.

Whatever approach to the definition of migration is considered, it is obvious that migration contributes to the exchange of labor skills and industrial experience, promotes the development of the individual, affects the age and sex structure and family composition of the population, and is directly related to the professional, social and sectoral mobility of the population.

The migration movement of the population in most cases is due to the movement of people of young working age, often with a fairly high level of education and training. In this regard, the migration of the population has a significant impact on the indicators of the natural movement of the population and the number of people of working age, and, consequently, on the magnitude of the labor potential, both in places of settlement and in places of exit (in certain regions, in the country as a whole).

In world practice, three methods of collecting statistical data on migration are most widely used: population censuses; sample surveys; current accounting (registration of citizens).

Usually than more territory, between which migration exchange is carried out, and the population living on them, the more powerful are the migration flows.

Migration flows are understood as the total number of migrants who have common areas of arrival and departure during a given period of time.

As a rule, territories are interconnected by parallel migration flows. In this case, one of the parallel flows often dominates the other. The closer the territories, the more intense their migration ties and the greater the migration flows, the power of which is significantly affected by the established historical, economic, natural, ethnic and other ties.

For the purposes of analysis, population migration is classified by type according to a number of basic features.

1. Depending on the nature of the borders crossed, there are external And internal population migration.

External migration- the type of population movement in which they intersect state borders. It distinguishes two streams: emigration and immigration. Population emigration- departure from the country, resettlement to another country for the purpose of permanent residence and temporary justification (usually for work). It can be permanent and temporary, even seasonal, the term of which is limited by the contract or other conditions of employment (for example, for harvesting). As a special case allocate re-emigration - return of emigrants to their homeland (for permanent residence).

Population immigration- entry into the country for permanent or temporary residence of citizens of another country. As well as emigration, the process of immigration of the population is determined by a number of reasons: socio-economic (search for a country with more favorable working conditions, higher living standards, etc.); political (flight from political, national persecution, religious and racial oppression, repatriation, etc.); military (deportation, evacuation, re-evacuation) and others, for example, natural-climatic, ethnic, demographic, etc.

Internal migration includes movements within one country between administrative or economic-geographical regions, settlements. The most common modern type of internal migration is from the countryside to the city.

2. By temporary The characteristic distinguishes irrevocable (permanent), temporary, seasonal and pendulum migration.

In a strict sense irrevocable migration (or resettlement) means the movement of a population leading to its territorial redistribution. This type of migration is also called full, or full-fledged migration. Such migration meets two main conditions: a) movement is carried out from one locality to another; b) the movement of the population is accompanied by a final change permanent place residence.

Temporal migration involves resettlement, for a sufficiently long, but at the same time limited, often predetermined, period. Typically, such migration is associated with labor activity along with the introduction. Temporary migration includes, for example, the resettlement of workers from one country to another, moving to remote and sparsely populated areas for a long period (several years) to work under a contract, etc.

In a number of economic sectors, seasonal migration plays an important role, which includes the annual movement of people during certain periods of time (seasons), for example, the movement of the population to agricultural areas for harvesting in the summer and autumn. An example of seasonal migration can also be the movement of the population in the summer in resort areas country and beyond.

The great significance of seasonal migration lies in the fact that it contributes to an increase in the real standard of living of the population. In addition, such migration makes it possible to meet the needs of industries with a seasonal nature of production, which experience a higher need for labor during the period of the greatest volume of work. This primarily concerns such sectors of the economy as: agriculture (during the period of sowing and harvesting), logging (during the period of timber rafting), the fishing industry, the processing of agricultural products, etc. However, the scale of seasonal migration is significantly reduced by the development of agro-industrial integration, intersectoral cooperation in the use of labor force, and the use of new technologies and production methods.

Regular, daily or weekly, movements of the population from the place of residence to the place of work or study (and vice versa) outside their own settlement are pendulum migration.

This type of migration plays at least a twofold role. On the one hand, commuting migrants both quantitatively and qualitatively affect labor resources and the labor potential of settlements - centers of attraction for migrants, where the number of jobs exceeds their own labor resources (demand for labor resources exceeds labor supply) or does not correspond to the professional and qualification structure of the population. On the other hand, pendulum migration contributes to meeting the labor needs of residents, as a rule, of small settlements, in which the choice of jobs is qualitatively, and often quantitatively, limited.

Pendulum migration is typical for many developed countries, where it affects a significant part of the urban and rural population.

In addition to the listed species, for modern conditions it is legitimate to allocate episodic migration, which is business, recreational and other trips that can be made irregularly and not in the same directions. If the able-bodied contingent participates in business trips, then various categories of the population participate in recreational trips. In this sense, this type of migration is superior to all others, since movements are both recreational and labor. However, it is difficult to draw a clear line that makes it possible to distinguish between, for example, seasonal and episodic migration. This also applies to other types of migration, since they are all closely interconnected and one type can turn into another or serve as the basis for the formation of another type of migration. So, for example, episodic, commuting, seasonal migration can create conditions for the formation of irrevocable migration, since they contribute to obtaining information for a possible choice of a new permanent place of residence.

Each of the listed types of population migration can be considered from the standpoint of inter-territorial, intra-territorial and rural-urban movement. So, in the first two types of migration, flows are distinguished: intra- and inter-regional, intra- and inter-republican, intra- and inter-district. In rural-urban migration flows, there are: intra-urban flows (between cities and urban-type settlements); flows within rural areas (between rural settlements), as well as between rural and urban settlements. It can be a rural-urban migration movement in one case, and an urban-rural one in another.

3 . From point of view forms of implementation migratory movement, it is customary to distinguish public-organizational form of migration , when migration is carried out with the participation of public and government agencies and with their economic assistance, and unorganized migration carried out by the forces and means of the migrants themselves without any organizational assistance and material support from any institutions.

4. In depending on the reasons underlying the movement of people, allocate voluntary or compulsory (forced) migration.

5. In terms of compliance legislation in force in the country, it is customary to distinguish between migration legitimate(without breaking the law) and illegal ( in violation of the law ).

By the nature of the reasons that caused the displacement of the population, political, economic and social migration is often distinguished.

A special type of migratory movement of the population is work migration, which is based on the economic laws of the development of social production, material and spiritual needs of migrating labor resources. Labor migration has a serious impact on the socio-economic development of society, is a significant source of replenishment of the labor potential of individual regions and the country as a whole.

Labor migration is divided into internal and external labor migration.

Internal labor migration represents the movement of the economically active population within the country between individual regions, sectors of the economy, and enterprises.

A specific type of internal labor movement is inter-company mobility, which exists in the following forms: traditional - transfer of an employee to permanent job to another organization new- personnel leasing (or personnel leasing). Personnel leasing - it is a form of transfer of employees for professional work, in which there is a (triangle) relationship between the landlord, the tenant and the rented worker. This is a short term lease.

External labor migration is the movement of the economically active population between countries.

2. Factors and indicators of the intensity of population migration and labor mobility

The migration of the population affects the socio-economic development of any society through certain functions that it performs and which reflect its essence. All these functions are distinguished depending on the degree of conditionality of the socio-economic system of development of society. Functions, which do not depend on the socio-economic system and the characteristics of the development of a particular society, are general, For example, accelerating, selective, redistributive. Other functions depend on the socio-economic mechanism of the territorial redistribution of the population and its able-bodied part. These are specific functions (economic, social). essence accelerator The function of migration is to ensure a certain level of spatial mobility of the population and its turnover, expanding the area of ​​residence of citizens. A more mobile population is also more active. Territorial movements contribute to the expansion of horizons, the accumulation of experience and knowledge, the development of material and spiritual needs, and the change in the socio-psychological characteristics of migrants.

Selective function lies in the fact that the process of territorial movement leads to a change in the qualitative composition of the population, both at the places of entry and exit of migrants. This is due to the fact that different socio-demographic groups have varying degrees territorial mobility. As a rule, men (of working age) generally participate in the migration movement more actively than women and disabled citizens. Individuals of different nationalities also have different levels of mobility.

redistributive function is associated with the distribution of the productive forces of society, the distribution production capacity and investments between individual territories of the country ( natural areas, districts, various types of urban and rural settlements). The performance of this function affects the size and sex and age characteristics of the population of certain territories, the dynamics of demographic processes, since most of migrants-persons of young working age participating in the reproduction of the population.

The specific functions of migration (economic and social), in contrast to the general ones, manifest themselves in different ways in different socio-economic conditions.

Economic function is aimed at ensuring a quantitative and qualitative correspondence between the availability of means of production and the labor force.

social function migration is directly determined by the level economic development countries pursued by the socio-economic policy, the existing industrial relations and is aimed at improving the living standards and social development of labor resources.

For the harmonious development of society, it is very important that economic and social functions do not conflict.

Factors (causes) population migration refers to various combinations of objective and subjective conditions, the interaction of which causes its movement. Their identification is importance for development effective measures migration policy. The main drivers of migration are economic and social. These factors are closely related. Indeed, lifestyle changes social status, starting a family, getting an education, housing, etc., is possible only with high incomes, with the choice of a region with a higher level of economic development.

There are also factors:

Natural and climatic;

Demographic;

ethnic;

political;

Military.

In the near future, a significant reduction in the working-age population is expected (2006-2015), and it will be impossible, according to experts, to compensate for it either by increasing labor productivity or by transferring production to overpopulated areas of the country with cheaper labor. In this regard, labor will become one of the most scarce resources in Russia. Consequently, the only source of replenishment of its labor resources can only be immigration. This situation in world practice is not exceptional. In the post-war years, many developed countries of Western Europe also faced a situation where the working-age population was significantly reduced. This led to the fact that none of these countries could manage only their own labor resources. All of them actively recruited immigrants.

Currently, the shortage of labor has already begun to slow down the development of the economy. According to the State Statistics Committee, in 2002 every fifth workplace was not filled. Moreover, over the past three years, the number of vacancies in Russian industry has tripled, and in some areas, for example, in Ivanovo, Ryazan - five times.

Even more difficult situation with the availability of labor resources develops at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex. There is a deficit in every second organization. At the same time, significant contingents of workers come to Russia from far and mostly near abroad countries every year. Most often - these are immigrants from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia.

According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia in 2000, the number of vacancies was 2500 units. At the same time, the demand for additional workers from individual sectors of the economy is extremely uneven. The most significant number of vacancies in the reporting of large and medium-sized enterprises accounted for such industries as: health care, Physical Culture And social Security; industry; Housing and communal services, non-productive types of consumer services to the population. And according to the State Employment Service, the number of vacancies is even greater - 750.9 thousand, most of them in working specialties - 77.4%. Of these, 24.5% - in industry, 14.6% in construction. A large number of vacancies in those jobs that are the least attractive and poorly paid.

The declared need for labor in 2002, which can be used to judge the demand for labor in the official labor market, is represented by the following data:

Industry - 23%,

Health care, social security,

education, culture and science - 14%,

Construction - 12%,

Housing and communal services and consumer services -9%,

Transport - 7%,

Management - 4%,

Agricultural production - 4%,

Lending, finance, insurance - 1%,

Other industries - 15%.

The main reasons for the need to attract foreign labor to Russian enterprises in modern conditions are: lack of working specialties and professions; unwillingness local population perform unprestigious, low-skilled work, work in unfavorable conditions and in low-paid jobs. There are similar jobs in many sectors of the economy, but more often they are typical for enterprises in the mining industry, construction, and especially agriculture. Population migration is a significant factor in the formation of labor resources in Russia, which affects their qualitative composition, the situation on the labor market both in the country as a whole and in its individual regions. This influence is determined by both internal and international migration, its intensity and the structure of migrants.

Population migration has both positive and negative impacts on development market relations in the country.

Thus, the countries receiving labor receive the following benefits:

The competitiveness of goods produced in the country increases due to the reduction in production costs associated with lower valuable foreign labor;

The growth of production and additional employment in the country is stimulated, as foreign workers show additional demand for goods and services;

The host country receives cost savings on the education and training of skilled labor when importing workers;

There is an opportunity in the event of a crisis and unemployment in the first place to dismiss foreign workers;

The country receives savings on foreign workers due to the fact that they are not provided with pensions and are not taken into account when implementing various social programs etc.

All this leads to the conclusion that some industries "would not survive" without foreign workers.

There are positive consequences of labor migration for labor exporting countries. Thus, the migration of labor resources has a tangible positive impact on the economy of the exporting country, since the departure of a worker abroad reduces the scale of unemployment in the country, there are additional sources foreign exchange income in the form of income from immigrants.

TO negative consequences labor emigration, affecting the economy of the country, should include the trend of increasing consumption of earned funds abroad, concealment of income from taxes, "brain drain".

TO negative moments of labor migration related With import labor force include: social tensions in society, interethnic hostility, and, in addition, local entrepreneurs have the opportunity to benefit from the import of labor by holding back the growth of wages for their workers. With the long-term use of foreign workers, the dependence on their labor becomes so strong that without attracting new immigrants, the normal functioning of the sectors of the national economy (for example, construction, services, etc.) is impossible.

As a result, we can conclude that the migration of labor resources has a significant impact on the formation of the labor market, market relations and economic recovery in the country, and if in Russia the process of exit from economic crisis becomes sustainable, then the only source of replenishment of labor resources can be migration, and therefore, the basis of strategic migration policy should be immigration policy.

1. State regulation and management of population migration

Migration of the population in the context of the unfavorable demographic situation that prevailed in Russia at the end of the 20th century is one of the most relevant demographic processes. The positive role of migration is that migration growth partly compensates for the natural population decline.

The decrease in the compensatory role of migration, the negative consequences of the migration movement of the population that inevitably accompanied it, the analysis of the demographic situation in Russia and the forecast for the coming decades necessitate state management of population migration and, above all, labor resources. Both the Russian economy and the social and moral climate in the country largely depend on the seriousness of the state approach and the effectiveness of migration policy measures. The formation of a full-fledged and reasonable migration policy also requires the entry of the Russian Federation into external labor markets.

Migration policy includes a system of conditions, methods and measures for managing the migration movement of the population at the federal and regional levels. It involves the implementation of socio-economic and legal measures to stimulate the movement of the population from one region to another or to limit such movements and is aimed at optimizing the territorial mobility of the population.

The main goal of migration policy is to ensure the most effective redistribution of labor potential throughout the country, and the most important condition for its implementation is close coordination with socio-economic and demographic policies.

Particular attention in the development of state migration policy measures is given to reducing the negative impact of migration processes on the socio-economic situation in the country, solving the most acute problems caused by population migration. So, at present, according to the Information Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, crime among migrants is steadily growing, both the crimes committed by them and those committed against them.

One of the most problematic categories of migrants, requiring both public and state attention, and, above all, assistance in finding employment, is the category of internally displaced persons and refugees (mainly from the countries of the former USSR and “hot spots” of Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, etc.).

To solve the problems of these categories of citizens since 1993, several disparate migration laws were adopted that were not united into a common system, and this did not allow them to effectively influence the socio-economic situation in the country.

In order to neutralize the possible criminogenic consequences of migration, on the recommendation of experts, it is necessary to speed up the adoption of the Federal Law “On Migration”. The adopted legislation on the regulation of migration processes at the federal level should be aimed, in particular, at limiting the "quota" of the number of migrants in some regions and increasing them in others. In addition, it is necessary to develop a targeted program of migration policy in the regions, which would take into account the problems of various categories of migrants. This approach is within the scope basic principles migration policy:

Introduction of quotas and tightening of control over immigration foreign citizens in Russia;

Tightening requirements for attracting foreign workers in regions with high unemployment.

Migration policy is carried out with the help of direct and indirect methods of regulating territorial movements. Direct Methods - subsidizing the movement of migrants, ensuring their necessary information. Indirect methods - infrastructure development, construction of industrial enterprises, opening of new jobs in various sectors of the economy, support for entrepreneurship, etc.

State management of labor migration is inseparably connected with the regulatory function of the state in the labor market. It involves the creation of a mechanism that allows, on the basis of adopted laws, to pursue a policy of promoting the realization of citizens' rights to full, productive and freely chosen employment.

The main task of migration policy at the present time should be measures to increase the mobility of the population, necessary condition which is freedom of movement. In modern conditions, it is constrained by restrictions associated with the registration of migrants in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the underdevelopment of the housing market, the problem of protecting private property, and the presence of the institution of registration.

The main activities of the Russian government are related to the implementation of the Concept of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation, as well as the federal migration program for 2002-2008. These documents provided for the development and implementation of measures for the state regulation of migration processes.

These include in particular:

• Creation of conditions for the integration of forced migrants into the social environment (as well as refugees, forced migrants, etc.), their use various kinds loans, loans, housing subsidies. Emphasis is placed on the most vulnerable and needy citizens;
• Attracting immigrants to the Russian Federation based on the interests of the economy of the country and its regions. These measures are aimed at facilitating the return of highly qualified specialists and the adaptation of immigrants. It is envisaged to strengthen the interaction of central and local authorities to control the involvement of foreign labor, protect Russian market labor, where priority rights to occupy vacancies are assigned Russian citizens. Opposition to illegal labor migration is being created;
• To better provide the sectors of the economy of individual territories with skilled labor, conditions are being created based on the development of the regional housing market and the necessary social services. In regions with extreme climatic conditions the shift method of work is used.

Among the main measures of migration policy, the following should be noted:

• Reception and accommodation of the economically active part of migrants and assistance to them in living and working;
• Rendering state support in the arrangement of socially unprotected forced migrants.
• Assistance in housing arrangements for internally displaced persons, taking into account the specifics of various categories of migrants;
• Differentiated support for territories preferred for resettlement and stimulation of migrants to these territories, taking into account the interests of the state and the population;
• Regulation of the flow of migrants from near and far abroad, application of sanctions for violation of immigration laws;
• State support for categories of migrants, such as those deported during the period of repression, military pensioners, Cossacks, ethnic migrants, residents of the Far North, victims of environmental and man-made disasters.

The main aspects of Russia's migration policy are:

• Ensuring the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to freedom of movement;
• Guaranteeing the protection of migrant workers abroad and their support;
• Guaranteeing an unhindered return to their homeland and providing assistance in the adaptation of migrants.

Organizational forms and activities of state bodies and non-state structures for regulating migration flows are quite diverse. The development and implementation of federal and territorial programs is important.

The immigration policy of the Russian Federation is represented by a wide variety of laws and by-laws and is based on a legal framework.

Immigration law provides for certain sanctions for violating immigration procedures, which are imposed both on immigrants and on those who help or employ them.

Sanctions range from fines to deportation. In some countries, they may also include imprisonment.

Conclusion

The government of any country has the right to determine the directions and goals of migration policy, based on the legal norms and standards that are enshrined in the documents international organizations and on the basis of social and economic expediency, dictated by the level and prospects for the development of society.

The exacerbation of migration problems in Russia in modern conditions requires more targeted regulation of migration processes by the state, especially since migration trends recent years do not meet the long-term interests of the country. The reduction in the influx of migrants was largely due to the rather strict restrictive policy of the state, the result of which, according to experts, is the fact that Russia was unable to fully use the migration potential from the CIS. Moreover, it continues to miss the opportunity to attract the most adapted and profitable workforce. This is primarily due to the fact that Russia's migration policy is currently abstracted from the problems of the country's economic development.

Literature

1. "Economics of labor resources" textbook / ed. prof. P.E. Ashlander. 2008
2. "State regulation of the market economy" textbook for universities / ed. ed. V.V. Kushlina, N.A. Vomin. Publishing house "Economics". year 2001.
3. "State regulation of the market economy" textbook. "Case". year 2001.
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5. kr-tgtu.narod.ru
6. multidoc.oflameron.com
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8. diploms.ru
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Population migration broadly covers four types of movements: irrevocable, pendulum, episodic, seasonal. The listed species are specific in nature, and the population participating in them pursues a variety of goals.

Irrevocable view(or resettlement) can be called population migration in the strict sense of the word, i.e. displacement of the population, which leads to its territorial redistribution. Irreversible migration simultaneously meets two conditions: Firstly, the population moves from one settlement to another and, secondly, the movements are accompanied by a change of permanent place of residence.

Seasonal Migration of the population is the movement of the mainly able-bodied population to places of temporary work and residence, usually for a period of several months, with the possibility of returning to the place of permanent residence. For the most part, they are aimed at satisfying the labor needs of industries with a seasonal nature of production.

Pendulum migrations represent daily or weekly trips of the population from places of residence to places of work (and vice versa) located in different settlements, and they cannot be considered as migrations of the population in its purest form. UN statistics recognize as migrants persons living in a new place for more than 6 months. Sometimes tourism, resort trips, pilgrimages, etc. are referred to as population migrations, which, however, is wrong, because there is no change of place of residence. and quantitatively limited choice of jobs.

Episodic migrations of the population are business, recreational and other trips, not only not regularly in time, but also not necessarily in the same directions. If the able-bodied contingent participates in business trips, then the rest of the population also participates in recreational trips. The composition of the participants in episodic migrations of the population is very diverse. In terms of scale, this type of migration surpasses all others. Episodic migrations do not differ from seasonal migrations either in their duration or goals: they can be not only recreational, but also labor. All types of population migrations are closely interconnected.

For the population involved in the movements, one type of population migration can turn into another or act as its starting point. In particular, episodic, pendulum and seasonal migration of the population are sometimes the precursors of irrevocable migration of the population, since they create conditions (primarily informational) for choosing a permanent place of residence. Each of these types of population migration can be considered in two ways: as inter-territorial and inter-settlement movement.

IN inter-territorial migrations The population usually distinguishes between flows: intra-interregional, intra- and inter-republican, intra- and inter-district. Inter-settlement migration flows can be divided into four directions: inside urban areas, i.e. between cities and urban-type settlements; inside the countryside, i.e. between rural settlements, as well as inter-rural and urban settlements, and in one case this is a rural-urban migration movement, and in the other - an urban-rural one. The last two directions are usually called rural-urban migration.

Migration is classified depending on several criteria: reasons, territorial orientation, duration of change of residence, degree of "voluntariness" of the move, number of people moving, etc.

According to the purpose of changing their place of residence, migrants are divided into those leaving for work, study, as well as in connection with the relocation of the family, due to unfavorable natural or environmental conditions, etc.

According to the territorial orientation, migrants are divided into immigrants (people entering the country) and emigrants (leaving it). Within the country, according to the territorial orientation, migration from rural areas to cities and vice versa is distinguished.

According to the degree of voluntariness, migration is distinguished as voluntary, forced and forced (groups of refugees, deported persons, etc. are distinguished).

According to the number of migrants, individual and family migration are distinguished.

In addition, there are episodic migrations that are not regular. Separately, they consider pendulum migration, in which there is no change of residence.

Two main types can be distinguished international migration:

1. International resettlement migration;

2. International labor migration.

Introduction

The migration of the population has played a huge multifaceted role in the development of mankind, being a form of its adaptation to the changing conditions of existence. This is a complex social process closely related to the level of economic development and the location of industries in different regions.

Migration processes are in the spotlight contemporary research due to their importance and the scale of their direct and indirect influence on the political, economic and socio-cultural life of both countries producing migration flows and countries receiving them

Attracting migrants - immigration is turning into one of the strategic directions of migration policy, as well as creating conditions for attracting Russian Federation qualified legal labor resources, improving the migration registration of foreign citizens, combating illegal migration, as well as a set of measures to support internal labor migration.

Also, issues of migration policy are among the most significant for ensuring national security, maintaining an optimal balance of labor resources, maintaining sustainable economic growth. In the context of the rapid decline in the population of the Russian Federation in general and the working-age population in particular, the improvement of migration policy is of particular relevance.

However, the effects of migration are controversial. Migration of the population has a significant impact on the balance of the labor market, changes the economic and social situation of the population, is often accompanied by an increase in educational and professional training, and an expansion of the needs of people participating in migration. On the other hand, a massive influx of migrants may be the cause of rising unemployment and strong pressure on social infrastructure (housing, healthcare, etc.). Thus, migration affects the standard of living of indigenous people. Population migration can cause depopulation and economic regression in some areas and concentration of population in others. These and other difficulties associated with the migration of the population are the subject of state migration policy.

Object of study term paper- the process of population migration in the Russian Federation.

The subject of the research is the features of the modern migration policy of Russia.

The purpose of this course work is to explore the main priorities of the modern migration policy of the Russian Federation to optimize the socio-economic development of the country.

To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

· consider the general theoretical concepts of population migration, its types and causes;

· Consider the features of population migration in the Russian Federation;

· Statistical methods of studying and indicators of migration are considered;

· Propose an optimization of mechanisms for regulating migration processes in the Russian Federation.

Chapter 1. Population migration: concept, types, causes.

1.1 The concept of "population migration"

Population migration (lat. migratio - resettlement) - the movement of people from one region (country, world) to another, in some cases large groups and over long distances. Population migration is “any territorial movement of the population associated with the crossing of both external and internal borders administrative-territorial formations in order to change their permanent place of residence or temporary stay in the territory for study or work, regardless of whether it occurs under the prevailing influence of what factors - attracting or pushing.

Migration is not a homogeneous process; it is customary to distinguish several of its types and types. First of all, they distinguish internal and external migration (emigration - leaving the country, immigration - entering the country, remigration - returning to the country of departure, repatriation - returning to the country of original residence of the descendants of immigrants). External migration is carried out by the following categories of citizens:

Immigrants

Migrants - workers, including unregistered

Refugees

Countries involved in global migration can be divided into 3 groups:

· Importing countries (accept labor migrants)

Exporting countries (send migrant workers)

· Countries where both import and export of labor migrants exist equally

The distribution of countries according to the types of this classification is not constant, but is determined by the level of their economic development, improvement of the production structure, change political situation, demographic and socio-economic conditions.

According to UN statistics, migrants are people who live in a new place for more than 6 months.

Internal migration is also divided into interregional (from one subject of the Russian Federation to another) and intraregional (within one region).

Types of migrations

Let us consider in detail some types of migration. (A table of types of migration is provided in Appendix 1.)

An irrevocable species is the migration of the population in the strict sense of the word, i.e., the movement of the population, which leads to its territorial redistribution. Irreversible migration simultaneously meets two conditions: firstly, the population moves from one settlements to others and, secondly, movements are accompanied by a change of permanent place of residence.

Pendulum migrations are regular (daily or weekly) trips of the population from their places of residence to places of work or study and return back to their place of permanent residence. This type of population migration cannot be considered as pure migration. The pendulum migration of the population is typical for small settlements in which the choice of jobs is qualitatively and sometimes quantitatively limited. In our country, pendulum migration is clearly manifested in major metropolitan areas(Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, etc., where millions of citizens from the suburbs of megacities and neighboring regions are involved in it.

Episodic migrations of the population are business, recreational and other trips that are not only irregular in time, but not necessarily in the same directions. If the able-bodied contingent participates in business trips, then the rest of the population also participates in recreational trips. The composition of participants in episodic migrations of the population is very diverse. In terms of scale, this type of migration surpasses all others.

Episodic migrations do not differ from seasonal migrations either in their duration or goals: they can be not only recreational, but also labor. Seasonal migrations of the population are the movements of the mainly able-bodied population to places of temporary work and residence, usually for a period of several months, with the possibility of returning to the place of permanent residence. For the most part, they are aimed at satisfying the labor needs of industries with a seasonal nature of production.

In recent decades, forced migration has become increasingly common - migration that has a forced, sudden nature, often due to a threat to the lives of migrants as a result of war, disease, natural disasters, political repression, etc.

Reverse process forced migration- voluntary migration - the migrant himself decides to change his place of residence. This type of migration is of two types - economic and, in a narrower sense, labor.

Currently, there are about 120 million labor migrants in the world and about the same number of illegal migrants. There are two types of labor migration - the migration of unskilled labor - "muscle drain" and the migration of highly skilled labor - "brain drain". At present, in the era of scientific and technological revolution, the second type of labor migration is especially important. A global phenomenon has emerged - interstate intellectual migration.

It is customary to distinguish several functions of migration: accelerating, redistributive, selective, economic, social.

The accelerating function lies in the fact that territorial movements contribute to socio-cultural and labor exchange, which is necessary to enrich the population as labor resources and maintain cultural unity.

Function - redistribution of the total population, associated with the need to move productive forces between individual territories of the country, including between natural zones, regions, different types of urban and rural settlements.

The selective function of population migration lies in the uneven participation of the population of various socio-demographic groups in migration, which leads to a change in the qualitative composition of the population of different territories.

The economic function is to ensure the connection of geographically distributed means of production with the necessary labor force for their maintenance and normal functioning.

The social function of population migration is entirely determined by production relations and contributes to the improvement of living standards and the social development of the working people.

Migrants over a long period of time are usually divided into migration cohorts - a set of migrants united by some common characteristics (for example, the period of migration).

One aspect of international migration is illegal migration. According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2002, illegal migration: - “is the entry into the Russian Federation, the stay and departure from its territory of foreign citizens and stateless persons in violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation governing the entry of foreign citizens, as well as an arbitrary change by them of their legal status in period of stay on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Reasons for migration

Migration ensures the connection of territorially distributed (across continents, countries, regions within countries) natural resources and means of production with labor, helps to meet the needs of the population in obtaining work, housing, livelihood, social and professional mobility, changing social status, and other characteristics of life. the situation of the population, etc.

The table "Causes of migration" is presented in Appendix 2.

The reasons for internal migration are job search, improvement of living conditions, raising the standard and changing lifestyle, etc. Internal migrations especially common in countries with a vast territory, diverse natural, climatic and economic conditions. In countries with a vast territory, a significant place is occupied by seasonal labor migration - temporary movement of labor to the countryside to perform seasonal and agricultural work, and from the countryside, temporary seasonal movement to the city - otkhodnichestvo.

The main reason for international migration is economic: the difference in the level of wages that can be received for the same job in different countries peace. The shortage of specialists in a particular profession in a certain region increases wages for this profession and, accordingly, stimulates the influx of migrants. For external migrations The labor force is characterized by an increasing proportion of highly qualified specialists in its composition. At the present stage, the main directions of migration of highly qualified specialists are from countries of Eastern Europe in the USA, Canada, a number of Western European countries.

Migration is partly driven by causes such as wars (emigration from Iraq and Bosnia to the US and UK), political conflicts (emigration from Zimbabwe to the US) and natural disasters (migration from Montserrat to the UK due to a volcanic eruption).

According to the survey, the following data were obtained as reasons for migration departure: “moving to relatives” - 9.5%, “returning to their homeland” - 7.2%, “the possibility of self-realization, career growth” -10.8%. This is indirectly confirmed by “job search, employment” -7.6%, “distribution, worked under the contract” -6.1%.

By territorial origin in the mid-90s, 702.5 thousand (22.5%) migrants were from Tajikistan, 15.4% - from Georgia, 13% - from Azerbaijan, 11.6% - from Uzbekistan, 13.2% - from regions of Russia. Almost 60% of registered migrants are Russians, 7.6% are Tatars, 6.7% are Armenians, 5.9% are Ossetians, and 3.4% are Ukrainians. About 47% of the migrants settled in the village.

The main factor that caused the activation of migration flows within Russia itself is the asynchronous development of the regions of Russia and neighboring countries. As some analysts say, Russia has one foot in the 21st century, and the other in the 19th. Hence the social and industrial neglect of the regions of Siberia, the South of Russia and Far North, and in other areas - the impoverishment of the Russian village and unemployment in small towns. This applies even more to former countries THE USSR. Migration processes in Russia in the 1990s and early 2000s were caused by the urgent need to change their place of residence against the background of the most severe economic crisis in Russia and the former Soviet republics.

Thus, migration is a multifaceted and large-scale phenomenon for the country's economy, which arises as a result of global processes. There are no single approaches and methods for studying migration, as it is a very dynamic and changeable process, influenced by a whole group of reasons. The study of the migration process for the country's economy is important precisely from the standpoint of labor resources and replenishment of demographic losses. The task of studying migration processes in relation to Russia is to identify the threats that migration brings to society and the useful functions of migration. Then comparing the positive and negative aspects of migration to determine the final score for the country's economy.