The largest fresh lake in Europe. What is the name and location of the largest lake in Europe

Lake Ladoga stretches from north to south for 219 kilometers and reaches a width of 138 kilometers, and its depth reaches 230 meters. The lake supplies drinking water to St. Petersburg, the largest northern city in the world.

The water in the lake is very cold, clear, almost without mineral salts. The lake suffers from industrial effluents, but so far it is coping with pollution. Many species of the salmon family live here - lovers of clean water.

The basin of Lake Ladoga includes about 50 thousand lakes and 3.5 thousand rivers with a total length of about 45 thousand km. Water in Lake Ladoga is carried by tributaries from the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Arkhangelsk and even Vitebsk region, Finland. The Neva is the only river flowing from Lake Ladoga, it flows into The Gulf of Finland Baltic Sea

The lake significantly affects the weather: the climate of the Ladoga territories can be called transitional from continental to maritime.

Ladoga is changeable: the calm is replaced by raging winds, the lake often "sea-like" storms. The waves reach 2 m, and the highest one that was recorded rose by 5.8 m. “The lake is stormy and filled with stones,” the researchers wrote about Ladoga.

The exuberant nature of the lake is easily explained by its structure. It is located on the border of the Baltic Crystalline Shield and the Russian Platform.

The basin of Lake Ladoga was formed by a glacier about 12 thousand years ago. The southern part of the bottom is flat, calm, the depths do not exceed 60 m, in the central there are mounds, depressions, in the northern depth they reach up to 230 m, the bottom is strongly indented - the underwater ledges break down at a right angle. A sharp drop in altitude breaks the waves going south from the northern depths. A complex system of waves arises that add up, cancel each other out or move in several directions at once.

Navigation on Ladoga was very risky, so the lake was surrounded on the south side by bypass channels convenient for navigation, the construction of which began under Peter I. Before the opening northern route through Arkhangelsk Russia and Western Europe connected the Varangian Way along Ladoga.

Today the lake attracts lovers water trips, but even experienced tourists stick to the shore in order to take refuge in one of its many bays in case of bad weather.

Northern Ladoga is known for its skerries: steep cliffs, bays deeply protruding into the mainland, rocky islands, of which there are about 650 on the lake. Skerries stretch in a strip of 6–25 km along north coast Ladogi and are considered one of the most picturesque regions of the North-West of Russia.

Russian Geographical Society; Evgenia Sorookoletova

Natural attractions are scattered all over the planet and attract tourists, no less than museums and architectural objects of antiquity. In the list of the most visited objects, lakes occupy a leading position. picturesque corners The lands are pleasing to the eye and allow you to relax in the bosom of nature. Some are impressive in their size and resemble the sea, since it is not possible to see the opposite coast.

Lakes are also a source fresh water, the vital arteries of their regions. Nature reserves can exist next to them, enterprises can be built nearby, and excursion tours can be organized. The economy and tourism are often directly linked to the lakes and their surroundings. As for the environmental component, much attention has also been paid to it in recent decades.

The largest lakes on earth

List, photo with titles and description

Caspian Sea (436,000 km²)

It is located on the territory of five states at once, including Russia. Its water is brackish. Five rivers flow. The water level fluctuates at around 27 meters below sea level. Eat large peninsulas and about fifty islands of various sizes. On the coast there are ports and resort towns as well as smaller towns. Animal and vegetable worlds varied. The climate and water temperature are changeable.

Upper (82100 km²)

It is located in the United States and Canada, is part of the Great Lakes system. Of the fresh - the largest in the world. The Nipigon River flows in, Saint Mary's flows out. The depth is impressive and in some places reaches four hundred meters. Although the temperatures here are not high, the surface is not covered with ice even for winter period, Unlike coastline. There are several ports. There are many relatively rare species of fish in the local waters.

Victoria (68870 km²)

It is located on the territory of three South African countries. Average depth- about forty meters. The water is fresh. Since 1954, when the dam was built, it has actually been turned into a reservoir. There are many small islands. The Kagera River flows in, the White Nile flows out. average temperature air in the lake area: +20-+22°C. There are two rainy seasons in a year. Fishing and an increase in the population on the coast have led to a deterioration in the ecological situation.

Huron (59600 km²)

It is located in the United States and Canada, is part of the Great Lakes system. The Strait of Mackinac connects it to neighboring Lake Michigan. The St. Marys River flows in, the St. Clair flows out. The average depth is within sixty meters. There are many islands and bays. Since the middle of the last century, the fish population has been recovering, fry are being released, and representatives of the authorities are closely monitoring the ecological background.

Michigan (58,000 km²)

The only one of the Great Lakes system located entirely in the United States. The Strait of Mackinac connects it to neighboring Lake Huron. The water is fresh. The maximum depth is 281 meters. Height above sea level - 177 meters. Four months of the year the surface is covered with ice. There are quite major islands, and on the coast there are several cities.

Tanganyika (32600 km²)

Located on four countries in Central Africa. Most long lake of freshwater on the planet. Included in the Congo Basin. The depth at the bottom reaches 1470 meters. The water temperature on the surface is from +24°C. The fauna is represented by two thousand species, of which almost a third lives in a limited area. Fishing and waste dumping in the northern part of the lake has led to its pollution.

Baikal (31500 km²)

Located in Russia. The largest freshwater in Europe. Many rivers flow in, but only one flows out - the Neva. In its water area there are natural attractions of various types, including the Nizhnesvirsky Reserve. There are also architectural monuments. Also memorials. Among the islands, Valaam is more famous than others. Shipping is developed, used in economic activity and tourism.

Balkhash (16400 km²)

Located in Kazakhstan. Part of the reservoir is freshwater, part is salt water. These zones are separated by a narrow strait. Several rivers flow. The average depth is less than six meters. On each of the four cardinal points, the lake is surrounded different types terrain. East - sand massif, west - desert, south - mountains, north - steppe. The fauna is small both in species and in total.

East (12500 km²)

Located in Antarctica. The largest of the subglacial. Nearby is the Russian station of the same name. The absolute depth is more than 1200 meters. The water temperature reaches +10°C, the heating comes from underground geothermal sources. To get to the lake, I had to spend a decade, make accurate calculations and drill a well. Research on water and the microorganisms living in it continues.

Lake Onega (9720 km²)

Located in Russia. Many rivers flow into the water area, more than one and a half thousand islands. The average depth is 30 meters. Part of the coast is swampy, part is covered with taiga forests. There are two ports and several settlements of different status. Lots of fish, including rare breeds. Since industrial enterprises are located on the lake, the ecological state of the territory is deteriorating.

Titicaca (8372 km²)

Located in Peru and Bolivia. The largest in terms of fresh water reserves in the region. There are several cities and towns on the coast, there are settlements of aborigines who have preserved many traditions, including economic ones, of their ancestors. Shipping is developed. The average depth is 107 meters. Height above sea level - 3812 meters. About three hundred rivers flow in, and only Desaguadero flows out.

Nicaragua (8264 km²)

Located in the country of the same name. Among freshwater - the only place where you can meet sharks. The average depth is 13 meters. On the surface there are large waves, sometimes there are storms. The islands are numerous, united in groups. The Tipitapa River flows in, and the San Juan flows out. Nicaragua is associated with by the caribbean through the shipping channel. A canal between the oceans is also under construction, which will pass through the lake.

Athabasca (7850 km²)

Located in Canada. The greatest depth is 124 meters. The Slave and Mackenzie rivers flow out, and the Athabasca flows into it. Deposits of uranium and gold were discovered on the coast, which led to the emergence of mines and active mining, but in the early 80s of the last century, work was curtailed. On south coast there are sand dunes. There are more than twenty species of fish in the lake.

Taimyr (6990 km²)

It is located in Russia on the peninsula of the same name beyond the Arctic Circle. Climate zone– tundra with occasional areas of permafrost. Several rivers flow into it, and Taimyr flows through it, which has an addition to the name "Upper" and "Lower" depending on its position. Arctic fish are found in the waters of the lake, the fauna is represented by a very small number of species.

Turkana (6405 km²)

Located in Kenya and Ethiopia. It has a second name - Rudolf. There are three islands in its water area. Several rivers flow in, none flow out. It is famous for its crocodiles, which are impressive in size and numerous. Important archaeological finds related to ancient people and the geography of the area were made in the district in different periods.

Reindeer Lake (6330 km²)

Located in Canada. Origin - glacial. The average depth is 17 meters. From late spring to early summer, the surface is covered with ice. The lake has become a venue for sport fishing competitions. The coast is sparsely populated. One of the natural attractions is Deep Bay, which was formed due to the fall of a meteorite one hundred million years ago.

Issyk-Kul (6200 km²)

Located in Kyrgyzstan. Height above sea level - more than 1600 meters. The water is brackish. The lake is endorheic, and about eighty tributaries flow into it. There are four bays, each one is used but not actively. The climate is mixed - sea and mountain, which attracts tourists. Coastal settlements vary in size, but there are quite a few of them.

Urmia (6001 km²)

Located in Iran. Most large lake Middle and Near East. The water is salty. The lake is drainless. The greatest depth is 16 meters. There are over a hundred islands, some with pistachio forests. The surface does not freeze. Shipping is developed and active. The appearance of a dam in 2008 divided the water area into two parts and had a negative impact on the environment.

Vänern (5545 km²)

Located in Sweden. The largest in the country. From December it is covered with ice, it is on the surface until mid-spring, but the layer is not thick and periodically thaws. The average depth is 27 meters. There are small islands in the water area, there are three large ones. They, like the lake, are included in the national park. Approximately 30 rivers flow. Major ports used all year round. Developed fishing.

Winnipegosis (5403 km²)

Located in Canada. The average depth is about 12 meters. The absolute height above sea level is 254 meters. Three large settlements are located on the coast. Developed fishing. There are a sufficient number of fish species, but the emphasis is on trout. Since there were some problems with the environment, the authorities created two reserves in the district and are engaged in the restoration of populations of rare species.

Albert (5299 km²)

Located in Uganda and Democratic Republic Congo. Height above sea level - 615 meters. Distance to the deep point from the surface - 58 meters. The bottom is mostly without sharp drops. Two rivers flow in - one flows out, which is a tributary of the Nile. Shipping is developed, but weak. There are many types of fish. The water temperature is high all year round, reaching 30 °C.

Mweru (5120 km²)

Located in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Height above sea level - 917 meters. The average depth is about seven and a half meters. The water is fresh. The largest flowing river is the Luapula. Flowing - Luvois. The rainy season has little effect on the water level in the lake, which makes it different from other reservoirs in the region. There are many fishing villages along the coast.

Nettilling (5066 km²)

Located in Canada. Height above sea level - 30 meters. The average depth is 20 meters. It is fed by small rivers, as well as Lake Amadzhuak, located in southbound. East End shallow, includes three bays. Since ice is almost always here, it is difficult for fish to survive here. Only three species have adapted to local conditions. Caribou live near the lake.

Beautiful lakes of Europe that you must see 😮

All lakes are beautiful in themselves, but not like these beautiful lakes of Europe! From a luxury villa on Lake Como to the absolute tranquility of Lake Saim in Finland, here are the most beautiful lakes in Europe!

1. Lake Como in Italy

The first time I saw Lake Como was from a taxi window. As soon as I stepped off the train from Switzerland, I immediately felt a change in pace. I was no longer in sleepy villages, but instead experienced all the brightness of Italy, coming from the locals and gorgeous small towns full of life! Lake Como was exactly what I imagined it to be and even more - stunning lakeside villas, lively towns, and most importantly... extraordinary Gelato.

2. Lake Bled in Slovenia

Lake Bled is undoubtedly the most famous lake in Slovenia, but you will also find many beautiful less famous lakes in the country. This is the country that will amaze you with its vibrant landscapes.

3. Lake Garda in Italy

Lake Garda in Italy is another of the most beautiful lakes Europe and very famous place in Italy. Various Italian architecture can be seen everywhere you look and will appeal to those travelers who like to feel like they have taken a step back in time.

4. Lake Annecy in France

Nowhere else is the same, charming and picturesque city like Annecy, an added bonus, this city has its beautiful lake located in France.

5. Lake Hallstatt in Austria

There is probably nothing more beautiful than the lakeside village of Hallstatt, and I am sure of it. This gorgeous little village is generally regarded as one of the best places to visit in Austria, both in summer and winter (a layer of snow on the rooftops adds to the romance!).

6. Lake Geneva (Leman) in Switzerland

When I visited Geneva a few years ago, I was surprised by the size of this city. The best way to escape from the city, it is to go down to Lake Geneva (a huge lake), and wander along the shore of the lake.

7. Lake Bohinj in Slovenia

Another beauty of Slovenia is the highly photographed Lake Bohinj. This lake is the most big lake in Slovenia, the size of the lake is 318 hectares. The scenery around the lake is stunning to say the least, so be sure to take a day or two to explore the area!

8. Lake Obersee in Germany

The Obersee is one of the three parts of the Königssee lake. Located in southern Germany on the border with Austria and Switzerland, this lake is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful in Europe. One of the most popular activities on the lake is to take a boat ride to see the beauty of the lake from the water - the surrounding scenery will amaze you!

9. Lake Saimaa in Finland

This is one of my favorites in Europe, Finland is filled with natural beauty wherever you look. Lake Saimaa in southeastern Finland is one of the most beautiful places, the place to go in autumn, when the colors of the surrounding trees really come alive (although I'm sure it's beautiful at any time of the year!)

10. Loch Ness in Scotland

Although the lake is not the most beautiful in Europe, Loch Ness is a must see for anyone interested in visiting. legendary lake where the Loch Ness monster lives! I recommend to take a boat and ride on this lake!

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Second largest fresh lake in Europe after Lake Ladoga. It is located in the north-west of the European part of Russia, on the territory of Karelia, Leningrad and Vologda regions. The shores of the lake are beautiful with the soft beauty of the North, the waters are rich in various types of valuable fish. Neolithic petroglyphs have been preserved here and a museum-reserve operates wooden architecture"Kizhi", object world heritage UNESCO.

"ONEGO-BATYUSHKO"

This is how the Russian people, who lived on the shores of Lake Onega since antiquity, called their breadwinner, what they considered this quiet, transparent expanse framed by picturesque shores under the sky, shining with pearl light through the veil of almost constant clouds here.

The Russian scholar historian and archaeologist of the late 19th century, the founder of the Russian school of ethnography N. N. Kharuzin (1865-1900) in his work “Materials collected among the peasants of the Pudozh district of the Olonets province” cites such an appeal to the lake, recorded by him: “Berezhok-father, mother-vodushka, the king of the water and the queen of the water with small children, with incoming guests, bless the water to take not for the sake of cunning, not for the sake of wisdom, but for the sake of goodness and health ...” In addition to the sacral-ritual intonation, one can also read here people's sincere gratitude to the lake - for the purity of its water, for the abundance of fish in it and timber on its shores. And, of course, for the beauty that pleases the eye and soul. And now the townspeople who come to Lake Onega in order to see wooden architecture reserve "Kizhi", "demons" - petroglyphs of Cape Besov Nos, go fishing, just relax and unwind, all as one say that they experience an unusually strong surge of spiritual strength here.

The name Onego is Sami in origin, like many original names settlements on its shores, which is a clear answer to the question of who mastered these shores. The Scandinavians and Russians also call the Finno-Ugric Saami the Lop, Loplyans and Lapps (this is where the toponym Lapland comes from). The Vepsians (Chud) also lived here. The Slavs came here in the 5th century. In the Sami language, the word ale, or epo, which has been transformed into Onego or Onega in Russian, simply means "Big Lake". It is a large, second largest water mirror in Europe after Lake Ladoga, with which it is connected by the only river flowing from Onego - the Svir, while about 50 rivers flow into it. As for the more ancient inhabitants of the shores of Lake Onega, then archaeological excavations on the islands of southern Zaonezhye, Bolshoy Lelikovsky and Small Lelikovsky, testify that people lived there settled down from the Neolithic era (the turn of the 5th-4th - the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC).

Geologists attribute the rocks that form the basin of the lake to the Proterozoic period. Hydrologists believe that this basin was filled mainly with water from melting glaciers, as well as underground sources. At the same time, the channels of the rivers flowing into the lake were formed. The location of the fjords in the north and northwest of the lake, rocky ridges and placers of small islands covered with granite boulders between them in the bays (bays) on the map of the lake are a kind of schematic reproduction of the movement of the ice cover on the ground here. This movement happened gradually and in different periods. ancient glaciation European continent, powerful jerks and shocks generated, as is quite obvious, by tectonic processes during the movement of the margins of lithospheric plates. Under the influence of these processes, the larger islands of the lake were also formed, the total number of which, together with the very tiny ones, is about 150. The largest of the islands is Bolshoi Klimetsky (Klimenetsky), whose area is 147 km2; There are several settlements here, a school operates. Other large islands are Kizhi (Kizh), Kerk, Deer, Sennogubsky, Suysari. Large islands fall on the northern segment of the lake.

Depths in the southern segment of the lake on the coastal water areas range from 9 to 14.5 m. Not so in the north. From the line Petrozavodsk - the mouth of the Vodla River, bottom depressions begin, some reach depths of 111, 115.5 and even 132.5 m, although maximum depth 127 m are still considered. This is not a matter of disagreement between hydrographers, but that the water level in Onega can vary depending on the prevailing in a given year strong winds, moving layers of water, or the amount of precipitation.

Lake Onega on the territory of Karelia (mainly), Leningrad and Vologda regions extends from the north-north-west to the south-south-east. The maximum length of the lake - between the Black Sands shore in the south and the mouth of the Kumsa River in the north - reaches 220 km, and the width - from Lake Aogmo, actually a continuation of Onega, to the village of Pudozhsky Pogost - 86 km. The coastline in the south has a relatively smooth character, in the north it is indented by narrow fjords bordered by skerries.

TREASURES OF ONEGA

Some were created by nature, others by man. It makes no sense to talk about which ones are more important, they are all valuable - because, in fact, they are inseparable.

The natural resources of Lake Onega are not fundamentally different from those of Lake Ladoga or, say, Lake Vänern in Sweden, because all these lakes Northern Europe stand on the same geological Baltic granite shield, have common history origin, similar climate and hydrology. True, Onega belongs to the Baltic Shield only in its northern part, and in its southern part - to the Russian platform. The non-specialist will not notice this, but any person who understands the dim northern nature, rejoice that he sees the desert again sandbars, rocky capes, avant-garde detachments of virgin coniferous forests. And also to the fact that he can stay in silence and go fishing from the heart here in clean water. The bottom of the lake with its silty areas, elevation changes from deep holes to shallow water, underwater ridges contribute to the fact that different breeds of fish are found here, and they fatten up a lot of body weight. The ichthyofauna of Lake Onega includes 47 species and varieties of fish. Among them are sterlet, salmon, trout, lake and stream, pike, whitefish, grayling, eel, etc. The lake begins to freeze around mid-December, but this circumstance is not the main obstacle for lovers fishing and short daylight hours.

Onega is connected with Ladoga by the Svir River, with the White Sea by the White Sea-Baltic Canal. And so on: with the Volga, the Caspian and Black Seas - through the canal network of the Volga-Baltic waterway.

In total, 552 are registered on the coast of the lake today man-made monument. Among the petroglyphs of Onega, the most famous, whose age is 5-6 thousand years, are those located on Cape Besov Nos, especially three large "figures" - an anthropomorphic "Bes" 2.3 m long, along the entire "body" of which there is a crack , looking really ominous, “Otter” (or “Lizard”) and “Burbot” (or “Catfish”). There are other places on Onega with Neolithic monuments, no less interesting, on the rocky outcrops of the coast from the mouth of the Vodla River to the mouth of the Chernaya River: it is better to learn about them and the road to them on the spot, tourism infrastructure here, alas, is not yet very developed. The technique for creating these images is common for the Neolithic: dot-cutting on stone. On the Kochkovnavolok peninsula at the mouth of the Vodla, there are open in the 1980-1990s. northernmost cave drawings Lake Onega. Anthropomorphic figures are also found here, while images of animals predominate, and among them - swans (there are swans in other accumulations of petroglyphs). The largest local “swan” from head to tail is 4.12 m. These petroglyphs are much worse preserved than on the Besovy Nos: erosion has affected, some images are overgrown with lichens, and yet the most valuable impression from what they saw here is that the ancient hunters and fishermen thought not only about food, they also admired the surrounding world and, judging by the size of some figures, deified it, because the swan is not at all a game bird, but the personification of beauty and purity.

The beauty of the wooden buildings collected on the island of Kizhi in State Museum-Reserve Russian Orthodox wooden architecture "Kizhi", or "Kizhi churchyard", is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition to the churches originally built on the island itself, chapels, houses and outbuildings from Zaonezhye and other regions of Karelia were moved here with all possible care. About the “piecework” of the exhibits of this museum under open sky tell many stories. The most famous of them is the carpenter Nestor, who built the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord with one ax (initially without a single nail), threw the ax into the lake so that no one could copy his work.

CURIOUS FACTS

■ The word "trolling" in the language of a modern person is associated primarily with some kind of hoax, deliberate challenge, provocation, manipulation. Most often it appears in in social networks- both as a mode of action and as a term. However, the primary origin of this word is from the lexicon of fishermen. This is a fishing method. On Onega lake trolling at medium depths, from 30 to 60 m, is widely used. Its essence is to hold the bait in the water from a boat or from motor boat. When trolling, up to 10 rods are used. They are installed on the sides with the help of special devices.

■ Since 1972, Russia's largest international multi-day sailing regatta has been held on Lake Onega at the end of July. Mostly cruising yachts of the Open 800 class participate in the races, since 2003 yachts of the Micro class are also allowed to compete. The regatta starts and finishes in Petrozavodsk.

■ Slava near Bolshoi Klimetsky Island anomalous place. Lovers of interpreting mysticism explain the origin of such stories by the fact that there is an “entrance to parallel worlds”. Ancient legends about ghosts and “witch lights” wandering around the island can be immediately attributed to the phantasmagoria of an inflamed consciousness, because it is known that there was an ancient temple on the island. But there are still unexplained facts of our time. So, in 1973, the captain of the fishing vessel Pulkin disappeared here. It is impossible to imagine that he got lost, he is a local, experienced person. Pulkin appeared 34 days later, dirty, ragged and emaciated. But he didn’t really tell anything, he only repeated that he didn’t remember where he was and what happened to him. In 2008, a local fisherman, Yefimov, said that “someone” drove him in the same circle five times in a row. In the summer of 2009, a group of students moored ashore. But as soon as they pitched their tents, they heard a rumble coming from somewhere out of the ground. All began severe headaches and nausea. The frightened youth quickly packed up and set off on their return journey. As soon as the guys sailed from the shore, all unpleasant symptoms receded.

■ From time to time there are rumors about increased levels of radiation on Kizhi Island. Scientists of the Karelsky Institute of Geology scientific center The Russian Academy of Sciences, on the basis of their research, refuted these idle conjectures.

ATTRACTIONS

■ Petrozavodsk: Cathedral Alexander Nevsky (1826), Exaltation of the Cross Church (1852), Onega Embankment - an open-air museum, which houses a monument to the founder of the city, Peter I, monuments-gifts from sister cities, the Wishing Tree, other sculptures and structures, the Park culture and recreation - the former Petrovsky Garden, founded in 1703, oldest park Russia.
■ Kondopoga: wooden church Dormition Mother of God(1774), local history museum, Ice Palace(2001).
■ Petroglyphs of Cape Besov Nos, the Kochkovnavolok peninsula and other rocky ledges on the banks.
■ Kizhi Island - State Historical, Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve "Kizhi" (UNESCO World Heritage Site): ensemble "Kizhi Pogost": the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord (1714), crowned with a complex system of 22 domes arranged in 4 tiers; the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin (1764), the Tent Bell Tower (1863), the oldest wooden church in Russia - the Resurrection of Lazarus from the Murom Monastery (XIV century), as well as other churches, chapels, peasant houses, barns, a mill, rigs - a total of 76 buildings.
■ Monuments of Pegrema (opened in 1985) - an archaeological complex 1.5 km from the village of Pegrema on the Zaonezhsky Peninsula. 100 monuments from different eras, including a unique cult complex (III-II millennium BC): boulders resembling figures of people and animals.
■ Bolshoy Klimetsky Island.

NUMBERS

Length: 220 km.
Maximum Width: 86 km. Note: different sources give different indicators of the length and width of the lake.
Water surface area: 9720 km2 (excluding the islands, whose area is 224 km2).
Total number of islands: over 1500.
Volume of water mass: 295 km3.
Coastline length: 1280 km.
Max Depth: 127 m
Catchment area: 62,800 km2.
Water transparency: 1.5 to 8 m.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Lake of glacial-tectonic origin on the territory of the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad and Vologda regions in the north-west of the European part of the Russian Federation.
Education time: about 12 thousand years ago, with the end of the last Valdai glaciation.
According to hydrographic parameters, Lake Onega is included in the water basin of Lake Ladoga and the Neva River.
Type: fresh.
The most significant flowing rivers: Vytegra, Suna, Andoma, Vodla, Shuya.
The largest islands: Bolshoy Klimetsky, Bolshoy Lelikovsky (in the southern Zaonezhye), Kerk, Deer, Sennogubsky, Suysari.
Cities: Petrozavodsk, Kondopoga, Medvezhyegorsk, Povenets urban-type settlement.
Flowing river: Svir
Nearest airports: Pulkovo in St. Petersburg (international), Besovets in Petrozavodsk.

Atlas. The whole world is in your hands №309

The largest thermal lake in Europe July 18th, 2014

The unique lake Heviz is located near the Hungarian city of Heviz, next to western part Lake Balaton. Covering an area of ​​47,500 square meters, the lake is considered the largest thermal reservoir in Europe.

However, this is not all Heviz's records. It is listed as the second largest thermal lake in the world, after the New Zealand lake in the Waimungu Valley. Lake Heviz is one of the most popular resorts With thermal springs. In the middle of the lake, for three centuries now, there has been a bathhouse. The water temperature in the lake is not lower than 23 degrees Celsius in winter, and not lower than 33 in summer. The healing effect of the lake is the result of the mixing of organic and inorganic materials.

Let's find out more about it...

Photo 2.

The small Hungarian town of Heviz is known throughout the world as a bathing city. Both in winter and in summer tourists from many countries of the world come here. They go to plunge into the waters of the world's largest thermal reservoir - Lake Heviz, famous for its medicinal properties since the middle of the 17th century.

Lake Heviz is unique both in size and in the chemical composition of the water. In Europe - the only one, and on the planet - the second. The area of ​​the lake is 4.7 hectares. The springs that feed the lake are located in a lakeside cave with a diameter of 18 m. Two thermal springs with a water temperature of +42°С and +38°С, and one - mineral, with a water temperature of +17°С, here they are mixed.

The lake has the shape of a funnel, the depth of which reaches 2 m. In the summer months, the water temperature is +33 +34°С, and in the coldest winter months it does not fall below +26°С. In winter, when the air temperature drops, steam rises above the lake. locals say: "The lake smokes."

Photo 3.

The water in the lake is completely renewed in 28 hours and always remains clean. coming from the source hot water, breaking on the surface into radial jets, slowly rotates clockwise. Because of this constant mixing, the water temperature is the same at all points in the lake. Cooled from the surface - circulates down, and hot water from the depths rises. In the lake, counter streams and clouds of steam are formed, enveloping Heviz, due to which the water temperature in it is approximately uniform throughout the space. Moreover, the water in Heviz is completely renewed and always remains clean.

Lake Heviz is surrounded by reserved forest with an area of ​​50 hectares, which provides the resort with a special, unique healing microclimate.

Photo 4.

Silt, which lies in a multi-meter layer at the bottom of the thermal lake, has unusual healing properties. The bacterial flora of the sludge secretes a weak antibiotic, so there are no pathogenic bacteria in the water.

Biological studies have shown that in the mud that covers the bottom of Heviz with a meter layer, there are hormonal substances - estrogens. But these studies were carried out much later. It turned out that sulfur carbon dioxide, radon, which are contained in water, play an important role in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Water procedures and mud applications are also useful for rheumatic and gynecological diseases, venous circulation disorders, inflammation of the nerves.

Photo 5.

Water lilies of an unusual shape and color, reminiscent of exotic countries. These plants were brought from India by a botanist. He decided to plant them in a warm lake, and the experiment was a success. Over time, water lilies became a kind calling card Heviz and were even depicted on the coat of arms of the city. Heviz owes much of his fame to the Hungarian aristocrat Festetic, who was seriously engaged in the development of local infrastructure - he built baths and baths. And, importantly, he spread information about the healing lake among his fellow citizens.

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One of the highly effective healing factors of the Heviz resort are muds highly saturated with mineral substances, which cover the bottom of the lake with more than a meter layer.

They include organic substances - products of humification of plant residues, mineral compounds, the elements of which come from traso-dolomites and Pannonian limestone, in chemical composition largely repeating the composition of lake water, hormone- and vitamin-like substances. The microflora of the mud produces antibiotics in small quantities, due to which pathogenic bacteria and blue-green algae do not occur in the lake. Another distinguishing feature of Heviz mud is the absence of an unpleasant odor, which makes them especially suitable for therapeutic wraps and compresses.

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The healing water of Lake Heviz allows healthy people to swim for no more than 1.5 hours, and for rheumatic people - no more than half an hour.

Note: thermal waters For beach swimming unsuitable due to a pronounced biological effect. A long stay in the water of Lake Heviz causes an increased load on the heart and circulatory system.

The effect of Hévíz Hungary's water is achieved by a combo: the temperature of the water and the healing mud and gas. The bottom of Heviz is 80% composed of inorganic substances that cover the bottom of the lake: sodium and calcium. Millions of gas bubbles and particles of dirt in the water, nicknamed “Hévíz dandruff”, create the effect of a micro-massage of the skin. Bubble gas covering the skin on the body penetrates the body and has a healing effect.

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