Technology of organizing and conducting city excursions. Business idea: how to open a business "city tours

Before organizing a tour desk, you should thoroughly study the routes of competitors. Create unique offers detailed business plan and start organizing.

Main risks

IN big city With rich history The newcomer will face stiff competition. But you should not give up the idea - create an original route that does not coincide with the schedule of your competitors' excursions. Introduce visitors to the city with sights not included in the list of most travel agencies. Suggest a more modern and creative approach to the method of conducting excursions. Tourists who are hungry for new and vivid impressions will certainly appreciate the originality of the information presented.

For tourism business V small town with a limited choice of attractions and a small flow of tourists, the problem of a lack of customers is typical. Find out all about the possibilities of interesting and active rest in your area. It can be a nature reserve or just a natural area of ​​rare beauty, an ancient monastery located nearby, the ruins of a castle, a functioning historical Museum with an interesting exposition, a ski resort, a village with the opportunity to live in a peasant's hut - you will definitely be able to offer at least something from this list to potential customers.

IN last years the popularity of green tourism with maximum immersion in the world of nature is growing - organize bicycle or horseback tours. Clients to entrepreneurs from small towns you will have to look in large tourist centers, but with proper organization of the process, this can become a real highlight and the beginning of a successful business.

Location

Most of the work of the tour desk with clients takes place outside the office. But you should not neglect the search for a decent premises - this is the business card of your company. Where is the best place to stay?

The city center is not a requirement, and for a budding entrepreneur rent may be too high. Consider the option of mutually beneficial cooperation with one or more hotels in the city. Hotel administrators can offer the services of your office to guests, booklets with offers will be displayed near the reception desk. Hotel, except availability additional services, you can offer a certain percentage of the income from each attracted client. In the presence of such agreements, the first few months of activity, acquaintance with clients and organizational moments will take place in the lobby of the hotel with which you cooperate, or a cafe located nearby. Office equipment can be located at your home.

In the future, look for accommodation in areas most visited by tourists. This may be a building near a large hotel, bus station or railway station, a large shopping or entertainment center. You do not need a large room, but it should be comfortable. Comfortable furniture, creative design, photos of sights and satisfied customers, convenient access for transport - these are all the requirements for an excursion bureau office.

Equipment

It is necessary to purchase a computer for the office of the company. Be sure to connect to the Internet, create a business card website with the ability to book excursions online. Telephones for uninterrupted communication with clients, guides, museum administrations and entertainment centers necessary. Also, you will need a set of office equipment for printing tourist memos and contract forms.

You can not save on the purchase of special funds for guides. Audio equipment developers offer modern and high-tech gadgets and software that allow you to conduct excursions in any conditions.

Electronic tour guide.
The radio guide is a great way to work in open areas.
Audio translator is a set that provides translation into all languages.

The purchase of equipment will be the most expensive item in your business plan. A complete set of office equipment and equipment for the guide will cost about 75 thousand rubles.

Personnel

Tour guides are everything. It is not necessary to invite graduates. The right to conduct excursions are people who have listened to a course of specialized lectures and received the appropriate certificate. Look for creative, motivated and passionate employees. Perhaps you will invite graduates of the Faculty of History, employees of the local history museum to work, striving to receive additional income and the opportunity to acquaint guests of the city with its history in an exciting, informal way. Excursions should be as informative, original and not boring as possible. In choosing guides, be guided by these criteria. A mandatory requirement for working with tourists is fluency in English.

An important point is the comfortable transportation of customers. If you have enough funds, you can purchase your own transport and hire drivers. At the beginning of activities with a minimum start-up capital, an agreement should be concluded with a transport company.

Question about hiring an accountant permanent job should be addressed in the presence of a constant flow of customers. On initial stage maintenance of financial and reporting documentation can be entrusted to a company specializing in the provision of accounting services.

A permanent employee is needed to receive applications for excursions, organize the work of the bureau and interact with the administrations of the establishments included in the route. At the initial stage of the company's activity and with a small flow of customers, this part of the work can be taken over by the owner.

Documents and licenses

Russian law does not require a license to conduct excursions. It is mandatory to register a business with the tax office. For this type of activity, IP is suitable.

To carry out activities in the chosen direction, it is necessary to prepare a package of documents:

Contract with a transport company for the transportation of customers.
- Detailed contract for the provision of services. It should be drafted with an experienced lawyer. Indicate all offers for excursions, an action plan, list all your obligations and those points for which your company is not responsible.
- To obtain a permit to conduct activities, you need to issue a job description for employees. The document describes in detail the duties for each position, a plan of action in case of an emergency situation.
- Create a list of places of interest that you can introduce to customers. Also, you need several options for routes.
- Create a memo for clients. In it, briefly and succinctly describe the routes, your offers and opportunities for entertainment.

To avoid problems with regulatory authorities, draw up contracts with each employee. At the initial stage, you can not enter guides into the state and work with them on a contractual basis, but everything must be documented and in full accordance with the law.

Marketing

The success of a company offering city tours is based on three pillars:

A site with the ability to discuss the route and book a tour in advance modern company working with tourists is needed.

Summary

The City Tours business can bring success and a decent income even in small towns. Explore everything that is worthy of attention and admiration in your city, draw up a competent business plan, invite enthusiastic and competent employees. An original approach to conducting excursions, a thoughtful approach to the formation of the cost of services will surely bring success to your company.

Creation of a new interesting excursion- it's not easy. It is necessary to break the planned event into two equivalent stages - this is the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

To develop a new excursion route it is necessary to decide on the purpose of the excursion, the type (in terms of content - overview, thematic; in terms of the method of movement - pedestrian, bus) and display objects. The text of the excursion, its duration and saturation with facts will depend on this. This should not be done by one person, but by a creative group, which should include from three to seven people.

First steps to planning an excursion

When the objects are selected, we start collecting information on each of them and compose the most convenient route for transitions (crossings, etc.). Now, from a large amount of information on objects, you need to make an excursion text for each of them and a card for the object. Such a card is an indispensable part of the guide's portfolio, it contains brief information about the object and, possibly, its photograph.

After the excursion texts for the objects are written, it is easier to create an interesting and concise excursion text, to connect the parts with competent transitions.

After preparing the materials, a methodological development of the excursion is made - this is a document describing the excursion, its main parameters. The manual includes a topic, a route map, its length, type of excursion, safety rules, purpose, tasks and time. It also includes a table - a plan for the tour:

• route;
• display object;
• stop;
• time in minutes;
• enumeration of the main issues, names of subtopics;
• organizational guidelines;
• methodical instructions (logical transitions).

After that, the training manual must be certified by the management, it serves as a confirmation of the quality of the excursion.

Tour guide portfolio

Before you conduct a tour, you need to collect a "guide portfolio". This is the professional name for a set of visual aids to simplify the conduct of the tour. These can be reproductions of paintings, photographs of people who are related to this topic, maps depicting enterprises or military operations, geographic Maps, geological samples, product samples, tape recordings and other materials to help saturate the tour.

Material Requirements

The criteria for selecting visual material are low: safety, unusualness, expressiveness, the need for display and cognitive value. These are the main qualities of these criteria. It is very important to have good materials on objects that have not survived to this day or have changed a lot. This will make the material easier to understand. It should be borne in mind that reproductions, maps and photographs must be on a cardboard base, the image must be clear with a size of at least 18 * 24, preferably 24 * 30 cm.

Now that all the material is ready, let's figure out how to properly conduct a tour. Usually each guide has his own technique for conducting an excursion, based on personal experience and observations. But the method of conducting an excursion is a whole system of requirements and tasks, methods of telling and showing. All this is necessary to achieve maximum digestibility of the material. A well-developed methodology is a kind of list of rules for the guide when conducting a specific excursion. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that the methods of conducting an excursion should differ slightly depending on the age characteristics of the group and the interest of the tourists.

For school-age children, it is better not to overload the text with facts, it will be more interesting for them to see visual material and hear an interesting legend or story. It is also worth preparing for questions, there are a lot of them from children. It is important to be able to keep the attention of sightseers-schoolchildren. To do this, you need to ask questions: “Do you know?”; “Have you heard about…?”; “Do you like…?” etc. In this case, the guide has a dialogue with the tourists, and so you can keep your attention for quite a long time.

Tourists of the older generation, as a rule, behave quietly and calmly, and it is quite difficult to understand whether the story is interesting to them or not. In the event that these are not professors and scientists, it is advisable not to overload the text of the excursion big amount dates and numbers. Always allow time for photography, just five to seven minutes will be enough.

Tour guide receptions

There are generally accepted methods of conducting an excursion, they include storytelling and demonstration techniques. Display techniques allow you to draw the attention of tourists to the most important details, evaluate the general appearance of the object and its combination with the environment. Narrative techniques, in turn, help to recreate a more accurate picture of events in the imagination of the tourists. Key words: “Imagine…”, “It was… a year…”, etc.

Safety regulations

But apart from interesting material and a pleasant tour guide, the event should be safe.

Safety during excursions, especially walking tours, is very important. The basic rules of safety and behavior on the route can be found in the methodological development of the excursion. But the guide is obliged to notify the group about safety measures immediately before the tour. Tell about all the nuances of the route. The most banal phrases about not sticking your head out the bus window and jumping out on the go should definitely be heard. Since the guide takes responsibility for the group during the excursion, it is his task to tell about the safety rules.

What to warn tourists about

Special attention it is worth paying attention to road crossings and crossings (rope bridges, caves, tunnels, etc.). If the excursion is conducted in nature, then fire safety rules should be warned. It is also necessary to talk about the fact that you can not try mushrooms, touch various insects and animals with your hands, drink water from open reservoirs and walk barefoot.

It is worth taking care of household items of the local population and the surrounding nature at the place of the excursion. In addition, people who have undergone preliminary briefing and medical examination, as well as people who do not have health-related contraindications, should be allowed to take excursions.

Thematic excursions are dedicated one certain topic programs. They introduce students to the practical application of the phenomena that are studied in the topic, or the manifestations of these phenomena in nature.

Complex excursions are held for similar topics of several academic subjects. For example, chemistry, physics, biology. Such an association makes it possible to implement the principle of interdisciplinary connections and provides an effective solution to problems associated with the organization and conduct of excursions. An example of such an excursion can be an excursion to the electrolysis shop of a metallurgical plant, where students get acquainted not only with the use of the chemical action of the current, but also with the chemical aspects of the technology.

introductory excursions are an introduction to the topic, their main task is to create a problematic of the topic, show the meaning of the topic and thereby interest students, encourage them to study educational material.

As a rule, excursions are carried out as final(generalizing). This type of excursion can be complex. Here the generalization of the learned material and its binding to practice is carried out.

The didactic effectiveness of the excursion essentially depends, first of all, on the correct choice of the object.

Choice object excursions are determined not only by the content of the topic, but also by the industrial and natural environment. And in equal conditions, the goal that is set by the teacher before the excursion is decisive.

• detailed acquaintance with the object of the excursion. Determination of those parts of the object or technological complex that are directly of interest in relation to this one;
• determination of the guide for the duration of the tour. The ideal case should be considered the case when the excursion is led by the teacher himself. But at industrial facilities, the erudition of a teacher may not be enough. Therefore, as a rule, in such cases, the tour is conducted by an employee of the enterprise, with whom a preliminary conciliatory conversation was held regarding the purpose of the tour and the level of preparedness of the students;
• determination and study of the route that will be used to move students from school to the object of the excursion;
• conducting a conversation with students, during which the students are informed of the topic and purpose of the excursion, the necessary theoretical material is repeated. Students receive questions that need to be answered during the tour.

4. At a certain time, students gather at school and under the guidance of a teacher go to the object of the excursion. It is advisable that the teacher be assisted by one of the older students, or another teacher. Given this, complex excursions are of particular interest in organizational terms, when students are led by several teachers.

Cities like historical centers development of society with the diversity of their monuments, reflecting the development of industry, culture, science, architecture, provide unusually wide opportunities for sightseeing aza. The theme of city tours is determined character traits development of the city, its past and present.

A sightseeing multifaceted tour gives a general idea of ​​the city, touches on several subtopics and is developed one for each city. Sightseeing tours the greatest interest for sightseers, as they allow in a short time (usually three hours) to get a general and different idea of ​​the city, to see places of interest, learn the stages of historical development, features architectural appearance, to get acquainted with his current life, historically developed individually and originality.

All sightseeing city tours are similar in structure to Huuskonen N.M., Glushanok T.M. Excursion practice. -- SPb.: Publishing house "Gerda", 2006.: each of them contains several obligatory subtopics, which, when expanded, deepened, and included new display objects, can become independent thematic excursions. Choice from a variety of subtopics of the main, mandatory -- difficult task. In the life of the city, it is necessary to single out precisely those aspects that had a decisive impact on its historical development. There is a conditional division of cities into types that determine the specifics of their tour display: capitals, hero cities, industrial centers, cities-new buildings, port cities, resort cities, regional and district centers, cities-reserves of history and architecture.

Cities and settlements associated with the life and work of great poets, writers, scientists, prominent people and public figures, military leaders, astronauts. When creating a sightseeing tour of the city, preference is given to those sub-themes that define the face of the city. In addition, the national identity of each city, the features of life, architecture, and art should be taken into account.

Determination of topics is one of the most important issues in the development of a city sightseeing tour. An equally important issue is the allocation of time for familiarization with historical and modern material. In cities with a historical past, there are many monuments of antiquity, and therefore most of time is given to the story about them; in new-build cities, virtually all the time is devoted to the story of modernity.

In general, excursions that reflect modernity are divided into three groups:

• 1) excursions entirely dedicated to the display of modernity;
• 2) excursions, in which modern material is partially included;
• 3) excursions dedicated to historical events, architecture, art, public and statesmen of past eras, in which a modern assessment of the past is given.

The multifaceted nature of the city sightseeing tour causes certain difficulties in choosing the objects of the show. In each fairly large and old city, there are historical, architectural, and modern monuments. Therefore, when selecting objects for a sightseeing tour, it is necessary to include:

• 1) objects that are directly related to the topic of the excursion;
• 2) the most typical and fully revealing the subtopic objects, i.e. the main criterion is the degree of their information content;
• 3) objects that differ in authenticity.

Objects of significant interest, but located far from the main route (transfer 30-40 minutes), should not be included.

The selection of objects for display is closely related to the development of the route. The itinerary of the excursion should be drawn up in such a way as to ensure a consistent display of objects in order to fully disclose all the planned sub-themes and a coherent presentation of their content. The principle of drawing up the route of a city sightseeing tour is usually thematic and chronological.

The multifaceted nature of the objects of the city sightseeing tour imposes special requirements on the acquisition of the "guide's portfolio". It should include materials related not to one, but to several sub-themes.

In the city sightseeing tour, a visit to museums is recommended, which is provided for at the stage of its development. When museums are included in the tour, it is determined which subtopic (subtopics) is revealed in a particular museum. As a rule, the museum covers those issues that, due to various circumstances, cannot be adequately covered. when showing urban excursion objects. Most often, a sightseeing tour includes a visit to the local history museum. Considering that its expositions are multifaceted, as a rule, archeological, ethnographic and biographical materials are shown. The time allotted for visiting the museum of local lore in the city sightseeing tour is much less than the time spent special excursions around the museum and is no more than 30-40 minutes. Exhibits that are not related to the theme of the city tour are completely excluded from the show.

It is legitimate to include a visit to a city in a city sightseeing tour. moral, artistic, thematic museums. The time allotted for their inspection should not exceed 15-25 minutes, since they give an idea of ​​only one subtopic, and the objectives of the sightseeing tour include familiarizing tourists with many other aspects of city life.

It is desirable that the same guide shows the city and the museum on a sightseeing tour, which helps to maintain the integrity of the tour and logical constructiveness. When preparing the tour, the guides master the expositions on their own, write the text of the tour, which is presented to the museum staff for viewing, conclusion and evaluation. If the assessment of the text is positive, museum researchers in the presence of bureau methodologists take a trial tour. In case of its successful implementation, the admission of the tour guide of the bureau to conduct excursions around the museum is issued.

Preparation of a city sightseeing tour is more complicated than a thematic one. In the process of working on its creation, the creative team must determine the goals and main subtopics of the excursion; make a detour of the city for a preliminary selection of objects and a route; make a list of references; study literary, archival sources, funds in local history museum, materials in the departments of manuscripts and rare books of libraries; hold meetings with scientists working on the history of the city and the region; to collect in Rosstat and other institutions not yet published information about industrial enterprises, institutions of science and culture, etc.; select, prepare illustrative material, compile a card index of excursion objects; make a detour around the city to distribute objects and time according to the subtopics of the excursion.

The structure of the city sightseeing tour is usual: it begins with a brief introduction, followed by the main part, during which the subtopics of the tour are highlighted. After getting to know the city, the guide makes a conclusion and answers questions.

A city sightseeing tour is a tour of a high category of complexity and requires the guide to have versatile knowledge, to be fluent in the methodological methods of its implementation.

When conducting a sightseeing tour, the inductive method of presenting the material is widely used. It is important to immediately establish contact with the group, to interest the tourists. Establishing contact with the group is facilitated by the use of the “common acquaintance”, i.e., telling the tourists about their city, the guide provides information, facts that are directly related to their city.

The methodological methods of showing and telling in a sightseeing tour should be varied. Of the display techniques, preliminary inspection, excursion analysis are more often used, and less often, visual reconstruction, comparisons. Of the other methodological techniques, the excursion should include elements of the ritual, most often this is a minute of silence at the Eternal Flame of Glory and mass graves. During the exits to inspect the main objects, a methodical method of movement is successfully used, which makes it possible to give a more detailed excursion analysis of the objects.

The entire sightseeing tour should be based on accurate documentary material, which ensures the scientific character and reliability of the guide's story. In addition, the consistency and systematic nature of the entire material is important. This can be achieved by strictly adhering to the chronological principle of building an excursion. Sometimes the objects are located in such a way that it is necessary to break the chronological sequence of their display, but the presentation of the content of the excursion should be logically consistent:

Often objects sightseeing tours have architectural or art historical significance, that is, they are multifaceted. In such cases, the guide, in addition to historical analysis, has to give an art history (architectural) analysis of objects. He must be well versed in the historical architectural styles and be able to show and building features. However, the main attention should still be given to historical events.

The main methodical method of conducting sightseeing city tours is the method of reconstruction, or recreation, of events through a story, as well as the reconstruction of a poorly preserved monument. If no monuments have been preserved for significant historical events, and its place is occupied by modern buildings and there is no illustrative material, then the guide has to recreate the historical situation and the course of events only with the help of a story. In the story, for a more accurate idea of ​​the characterized era, it is recommended to quote from historical documents, fiction, etc.

Since the recreation (reconstruction) of events is tied to the place where they took place, it is legitimate to speak of a widely used localization technique.

The use of visual aids contributes to a better disclosure of the topic. IN historical excursions they are required. The "guide briefcase" should include photographs, photocopies historical monuments before their restoration, portraits of famous historical figures, reproductions of paintings telling about the most important events of the historical past, etc.

Each sightseeing city tour must contain material about the present. The tour guide is required to provide historical facts, events from the standpoint of the latest achievements of science, to make the tour relevant and modern.

Questions for self-control:

• 1. Describe the concept of "sightseeing tour".
• 2. What is the peculiarity of choosing a display object for a sightseeing city tour?
• 3. How is the route of the sightseeing city tour compiled?
• 4. What are the main methods of conducting a city tour?
• 5. What are the basic rules for the disclosure of the topic as part of a city sightseeing tour.

Methodology

organizing and conducting excursions

Planning an excursion itinerary

Excursion route is the most convenient route excursion group contributing to the disclosure of the topic. It is built depending on the most correct sequence of objects inspection for a given excursion, the availability of sites for the group location, the need to ensure the safety of tourists. One of the tasks of the route is to contribute to the most complete disclosure of the topic. The main requirements that should be taken into account by the compilers of the route are the organization of the display of objects in a logical sequence and the provision of a visual basis for the disclosure of the topic.

In the practice of excursion institutions, there are three options for building routes: chronological, thematic And thematic-chronological.
An example chronological route planning can serve as excursions dedicated to the life and work of prominent people.

By thematic principle built excursions related to the disclosure of a particular topic in the life of the city (for example, "Orthodox Yelets", "Yelets - the city of craftsmen", etc.).

All sightseeing city tours are built according to the thematic and chronological principle. The sequence of presentation of the material in chronological order in such excursions is observed, as a rule, only when each subtopic is disclosed.

Route development- a complex multi-stage procedure that requires a fairly high qualification and is one of the main elements of the technology for creating new excursion. When developing bus route should follow the rules traffic", "Charter road transport", "Rules for the carriage of passengers" and other departmental regulations.

Objects, depending on their role in the tour, can be used as main And additional.

The main objects are subjected to a deeper analysis, they reveal the subtopics of the excursion. The display of additional objects, as a rule, is carried out during the transfers (transitions) of the excursion group and it does not occupy a dominant position.

The route is built according to the principle of the most correct sequence of inspection of objects and is planned taking into account the following requirements:

The display of objects should be carried out in a certain logical sequence, avoiding unnecessary repeated passages along the same section of the route (street, square, bridge, highway), i.e. the so-called "loops";

Availability of accessibility of the object (site for its inspection);

Moving or moving between objects should not take more than 10-15 minutes, so that there are no too long pauses in the show and story;

Availability of well-maintained stops, including sanitary and parking places for vehicles.

It is recommended to have several options for the movement of the group by the time of the excursion. The need to change the route in some cases is caused by traffic jams, repair work on city highways. All this should be taken into account when creating various route options.

The development of the bus route is completed by the coordination and approval of the passport and route scheme, the calculation of mileage and the time of use of vehicles.

Acquisition of the "portfolio of the guide"

"Tour guide portfolio"- the code name for a set of visual aids used during the tour. These aids are usually placed in a folder or a small briefcase.

One of the tasks of the "portfolio guide" is to restore the missing links in the show. In excursions, it often turns out that not all the objects necessary for the disclosure of the topic have been preserved. For example, tourists cannot see Historical building. Sometimes it becomes necessary to give an idea of ​​the original appearance of the place on which the building inspected was built (residential district). For this purpose, for example, photographs of a village or a wasteland, a panorama of the construction of an enterprise, a residential area are used. There may also be a task to show what will be at the site inspected in the near future. In this case, the tourists are shown projects of buildings, structures, monuments.

In excursions, it may be necessary to show photographs of people who are related to this object or events related to it. And one more important task of visual aids on excursions - give a visual representation of an object.

The "guide portfolio" includes photographs, maps, diagrams, drawings, drawings, product samples, etc. Such "portfolios" are usually created for each topic. They are a constant companion of the guide and help to make any trip to the past and present more exciting and rewarding. The content of the "portfolio" is dictated by the theme of the tour.

The visual aids of the "guide's briefcase" should be easy to use. Their number should not be large, since in this case the aids will distract the tourists from examining the original objects and scatter their attention.

Each exhibit included in the "portfolio" is accompanied by a leaflet with explanations or reference material. Sometimes explanations are pasted with reverse side exhibit. Such an annotation serves as the source material for the guide when showing the exhibit to the sightseers.

The list of visual materials of a certain topic included in the "guide's portfolio" should be updated throughout the development of a new excursion topic.

Museums and archives can provide great assistance in the selection of visual materials for the "portfolio".

Determination of methodological methods for conducting an excursion

The success of the tour is directly dependent on the methodological methods of showing and telling used in it. The choice of one or another methodological technique is dictated by the tasks set for the tour, the information richness of a particular object.

The work of the creative team at this stage consists of several parts: selection of the most effective methodological techniques for highlighting subtopics, methodological techniques that are recommended depending on the tour audience (adults, children), the time of the tour (winter, summer, day, evening), features display; determining methods of preserving the attention of tourists and activating the process of perception of excursion material; development of recommendations on the use of expressive means in the speech of the guide; selection of rules for the technique of conducting excursions. It is equally important to determine the technology of using methodological techniques.

Definition of excursion technique

The excursion technique combines all organizational issues of the excursion process. Authors bus tour, for example, they carefully consider when and where the excursionists go out to inspect the object, how the excursionists move between the objects, how and when the exhibits of the "guide's portfolio" are shown, etc. The corresponding entries are made in the column methodological development"Organizational Instructions". Separate instructions apply to sightseers (observance of safety rules on the street, when leaving the bus and placing in the cabin). It is important to formulate recommendations on the use of pauses during the tour; about observing the time allotted for highlighting sub-themes, organizing answers to questions from excursionists; about the technique of using the exhibits of the "portfolio"; about the procedure for laying wreaths at memorials and monuments, etc. No less important are the instructions about the place of the guide when showing objects, guiding the independent work of sightseers on the route, and conducting a story while the bus is moving.

Drawing up a methodological development

Methodological development - a document that determines how to conduct this excursion how best to organize the display of monuments, what method and technique of conducting should be applied in order for the tour to be effective. The methodological development sets out the requirements of the excursion methodology, taking into account the features of the objects being demonstrated and the content of the material presented. It disciplines the guide and must meet the following requirements: suggest the guide the way to reveal the topic; equip him with the most effective methodological methods of showing and telling; contain clear recommendations on the organization of excursions; take into account the interests of a certain group of tourists (if there are excursion options); combine the show and the story into a single whole.

A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion, including with a differentiated approach to the preparation and conduct of the excursion. The variants of the methodological development reflect the age and other interests of the tourists, the peculiarities of the method of its implementation.

Formulation of methodological development is as follows:

The title page contains data: the name of the excursion institution, the name of the topic of the excursion, the type of excursion, the length of the route, the duration in academic hours, the composition of the excursionists, the names and positions of the compilers, the date the excursion was approved by the head of the excursion institution.

The next page sets out the purpose and objectives of the tour, a route map indicating objects and stops during the tour.

Methodological development consists of three sections: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are not posted in columns. First of all, it is necessary to get to know the group, name the guide, then remind the excursionists of the rules of behavior on the bus, warning them that they will be able to ask questions and share their impressions when the time for this is presented. In the information part, it is necessary to name the topic, route, duration of the excursion, but it is desirable to do this in such a way as to arouse interest in the topic; to attract the attention of sightseers, i.e. this part of the introduction should be bright, emotional. It may begin with a verse or a quotation. The landing place of the group is determined in working order together with the customer, the starting point of the excursion is determined by the methodological development.

Sample methodological development of the excursion

The effectiveness of methodological development depends on the correct filling of all seven columns. The size of the development is no more than 10-12 pages of typewritten text. The volume of the document depends on the number of excursion objects, the number of subtopics, the duration of the excursion in time and the length of the route.

In the column " Excursion route" is called the starting point of the excursion and the end of the I subtopic.

In the column " Stops"those points of the route are called where the exit from the bus is provided; it is supposed to inspect the object from the windows of the bus without the exit of the tourists or it is planned to stop at walking tour. You should not make such inaccurate entries, such as: "Kommunarov Street", you must name the exact place.

In the column " Display objects" list those memorable places, main and additional objects that show the group at the stop, while moving or moving the group to the next stop.

In a country excursion, the objects of display can be a city, a village, an urban-type settlement as a whole, and when traveling along a route, visible parts from a distance ( high building, tower, bell tower, etc.). In a city tour, the objects of display can be a street or a square.

Count" Tour duration". The time that is called in this column is the sum of the time spent on showing this object, the guide's story (the part when there is no show) and on the movement of sightseers along the route to the next stop. Here it is necessary to take into account the time spent on movement near the inspected objects and between objects.

Count" Name of subtopics and list of main issues"contains brief entries. First of all, the subtopic is called, which is revealed on a given segment of the route, at a given period of time, at the objects listed in column 3. Here the main questions are formulated when opening the subtopic. The number of main questions included in the subtopic should not exceed five.

In the column " Organizational guidelines"place recommendations on the movement of the group, ensuring the safety of tourists on the route and fulfilling sanitary and hygienic requirements, the rules of conduct for excursion participants in memorial sites and at monuments of history and culture. It also sets out the requirements for sightseers for nature protection and fire safety rules. This column includes all the questions that are included in the concept of "Excursion Technique". Let's give an example of the entry: "The group is located in such a way that all the tourists can see the entrance to the building." "At this stop, sightseers are given time to take pictures." In out-of-town excursions, this column includes instructions on sanitary stops, recommendations for nature protection, rules for the movement of sightseers at stops, especially near highways in order to ensure their safety.

Count" Guidelines"determines the direction of the entire document, formulates the basic requirements for the guide on the methodology of conducting an excursion, and gives instructions on the use of methodological techniques.

It should indicate where and how methodological techniques are applied. This column also outlines a logical transition to the next subtopic, gives recommendations for displaying the materials of the “guide portfolio”, includes tips on using the movement of excursionists relative to objects as a methodological technique (for example, “After observing the object and the guide’s story, tourists can independently continue their acquaintance with object", "The tour guide should explain the terms ...", etc.).

Drawing up an individual text

Excursion practice proceeds from the fact that the basis of the guide's story is individual text, which determines the sequence and completeness of the presentation of thoughts, helps the guide to logically build his story. Each guide makes up such a text independently. The control text is the basis for the individual text.

All individual texts will have identical content, but different turns of speech, different words, different sequence in the story, there may even be different facts confirming the same position. Naturally, all the guides, being at the same object, will say the same thing.

The material is placed in the sequence in which the objects are shown, and has a clear division into parts. Each of them is dedicated to one of the sub-themes. Compiled in accordance with these requirements, an individual text is a story ready for "use". The individual text contains a complete statement of what should be told during the tour. When presenting the essence of historical events, there should be no abbreviations. An assessment of their significance should be based on specific sources and not be subjective.

It is also not allowed to mention facts without their dating, references to sources. At the same time, the text of this type reflects the features of the speech of the "performer". The guide's story consists, as it were, of separate parts tied to visual objects. These parts are combined with conclusions for each subtopic and logical transitions between subtopics (and objects). In the individual text, each subtopic is a separate story suitable for use during the tour.

When composing an individual text, its author should not forget about the logic of the sounding speech, that the word and the image (object) act, as a rule, on the feelings of sightseers synchronously. The desire for liveliness in the presentation of material on excursions should not lead to attempts to entertain sightseers. When deciding on a combination of elements of an educational and entertaining nature on an excursion, the decision is made according to the formula: the maximum of the cognitive and the minimum of the entertaining. Special place in preparing the tour has a question about legends. In excursions, the use of legends can only be welcomed.
The text should be written in the first person, thereby expressing your individuality.

Narrative and individual text

The success of the story depends on how close the individual text is to the generally accepted speech, how it takes into account the speech features of that particular guide to whom this text belongs. "The degree of impact on our consciousness of various texts depends on many reasons and conditions (logic, evidence, novelty of the topic and information, the author's psychological attitude to the impact or its absence, etc.)". However, speech plays an equally important role, its properties, structure, features.

The individual texts of almost all guides on the same topic are characterized by similarities in the content and presentation of the material, in the assessment of historical events, facts and examples. However, the stories of all guides are individual. What is the expression of the individuality of the guide? All guides, conducting excursions on the same topic, tell the same thing, but speak differently. Their story is the same in content, but in form, use of vocabulary, emotional level is different.

The methodology requires the guide to keep in mind when compiling an individual text significant difference between lecturer and tour guide.

During the tour, the guide "hurries" objects that need to be shown to the group. The two or three hours allotted for the tour, the stay of the excursionists on their feet and in the open air, force the guide to speak briefly, clearly characterize the monuments that were in front of the group, and succinctly talk about the events associated with them.

The duration of the story should not exceed the time for which the monument is able to attract the attention of tourists. Most often it is five to seven minutes. If this time is not respected, then no liveliness of the story, no methodological techniques are able to keep the attention of sightseers. It is no coincidence that the term "object language" is used in methodological literature. One of the tasks of the guide is to make the object "speak".

Technique for using individual text

The guide, just like a lecturer, can use his own individual text during the tour. For ease of use, it is recommended to transfer the content of the story to special cards, where brief data about the object, the main thoughts of the story, individual quotes, historical dates are recorded. For each subtopic, several cards are filled out (usually according to the number of main questions).

Using the cards, the guide does not read their content during the tour, but only by looking at them, recalls the content of the story. If there is a significant break between objects in the tour, the guide can look at the cards again and refresh the material of the story. Most often, cards are used as a summary of the story in preparation for the excursion. The exception is those cards that contain quotations and large excerpts from works of art, the content of which forms the basis of literary montage. On excursions, they are read out in full.

The card should be easy to use. A small size is recommended, about a quarter sheet of thick writing paper suitable for long-term use. The cards have serial numbers and are folded before the tour, taking into account the sequence of the subtopics to be disclosed.

The use of cards on excursions is the right of every guide, but with the acquisition of experience they no longer need this. The fact that the cards are at hand and can be used at the right time gives the guide confidence in his knowledge.

The presence of an individual text does not mean that it must be memorized and delivered word for word to the tourists.

Logic jumps

The creators of the excursion are faced with the task of linking the content of all subtopics into a single whole. It is solved with logical transitions, which should be considered as an important, although not independent, part of the excursion. Well-composed logical transitions give harmony to the excursion, provide consistency in the presentation of the material, and are a guarantee that the next subtopic will be perceived with interest.

Often in excursions, when moving from one subtopic to another, they use formal (constructive) transitions. Formal is such a transition that is not related to the content of the excursion and is not a "crossing bridge" from one part of the excursion to another. (For example, "And now we will pass through the square", "Now we will follow further", "Let's look at one more remarkable place"). One should not, however, deny the legitimacy of using such transitions in general and consider them one of the mistakes in excursion work.

In cases where movement between objects takes a matter of seconds, such transitions are inevitable: (For example, "Now look here" or "Please pay attention to the monument located nearby"). Such transitions are inevitable when viewing expositions in museums and exhibitions, where halls, thematic sections and individual stands dedicated to various sub-themes are located close to each other. A constructive transition, not being a "transitional bridge" between subtopics, aims the sightseers to get acquainted with the next object.

More efficient logical transition linked to the theme of the tour. Such a transition may begin before the group moves to the next stop, or may end already at a stop near the object. The logical transition is dictated not so much by the features excursion object, how much the content of the excursion itself, the subtopic after which this transition is made.

The duration of a logical transition is usually equal in time to the move (transition).