The area of ​​the Sea of ​​Japan compared to others. Seas of Russia - Sea of ​​Japan. Designation of the largest ports

The Sea of ​​Japan belongs to the Pacific Ocean and is a marginal sea that is separated from the Pacific Ocean. Japanese islands and Sakhalin Island. The Sea of ​​Japan washes the shores of Russia and Japan.

Sea characteristic

Major port cities at sea: Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino and Sovetskaya Gavan.

Coastline The sea is slightly indented, but has several bays, the largest of which are bays: Olga, Peter the Great, Ishikari and East Korea Bay.

More than 600 species of fish live in the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan.

Economic use of the sea

Along with industrial fishing, mussels, scallops, squid and seaweed (kelp and seaweed) are harvested.
Vladivostok is final destination Trans-Siberian railway line, where the transshipment base is located, where cargo is reloaded from railway wagons to sea cargo ships.

Ecology of the Sea of ​​Japan

In ancient times, tribes of the Mongolian race lived on the western shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. At the same time, the Japanese islands were settled by the ancestors of the Japanese - the Malay and Polynesian Yamato tribes.

Archaeological research for the first time on Sakhalin Island was carried out in 1867, then during archaeological sites at the southern tip near Lake Lebyazhye, the first artifacts were found confirming the existence of ancient settlements on Sakhalin Island.

The Sea of ​​Japan lies between the Eurasian continent, Sakhalin Island and the Japanese Islands.

The Sea of ​​Japan is one of the largest and deepest seas in the world. Its area is 1062 km2, volume - 1631 thousand km3, greatest depth- 3720 m. This is a marginal oceanic sea.

There are no large islands in the Sea of ​​Japan. Of the smaller islands, the most significant are Moneron, Rebun, Rishiri, Okushiri, Sado, Ullyndo.

The coastline of the Sea of ​​Japan is comparatively slightly indented. The simplest in outline is the coast of Sakhalin Island; more winding coasts of Primorye and the Japanese Islands. TO major bays mainland coast includes bays: Olga, Peter the Great, East Korean, Ishikari.

A distinctive feature of the Sea of ​​Japan is the relatively small number of rivers flowing into it. Almost all rivers are mountainous. The continental flow into the Sea of ​​Japan, equal to about 210 km3 per year, is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.

The main role in the water balance of the sea is played by water exchange through the straits.

The straits are different in length, width and, most importantly, in depth, which determines the nature of the water exchange in the Sea of ​​Japan. Through the Tsugari (Sangara) Strait, the Sea of ​​Japan communicates directly with. The Nevelskoy and La Perouse straits connect the Sea of ​​Japan with the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the Korea Strait - with East China Sea. Due to the shallow depths of the straits at great depths the sea itself, conditions are being created to isolate its deep waters from the Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas, which is the most important natural feature Sea of ​​Japan.

Diverse in structure and external forms, the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan in different areas belongs to different morphometric types of coasts. Mostly these are abrasion shores, mostly little changed by the sea. To a lesser extent, the Sea of ​​Japan is characterized by accumulative shores. In places, single rocks rise out of the water - kekurs - characteristic formations of the Sea of ​​Japan coast. Low-lying shores are found only in certain parts of the coast.

According to the nature of the bottom topography, the Sea of ​​Japan is divided into three parts: northern, central and southern.

The northern part of the sea is a wide trough, gradually rising and narrowing towards the north. The central part of the sea is a deep closed basin, slightly elongated in an east-north-east direction. The southern part of the sea is distinguished by a very complex relief with alternating trenches and relatively shallow water areas. There is an extensive underwater uplift of Yamato.

The Sea of ​​Japan lies entirely in the monsoon climate zone of temperate latitudes. In the cold season (October to March), it is influenced by the Siberian anticyclone and the Aleutian low, which is associated with significant horizontal gradients. In this regard, strong northwestern winds with speeds of 12–15 m/s and more dominate the sea.

During the cold season, continental cyclones enter the Sea of ​​Japan. They cause severe storms, and sometimes severe hurricanes that last for 2-3 days. In early autumn (September), tropical cyclones sweep over the sea, accompanied by hurricane-force winds.

The winter monsoon brings dry and cold air, the temperature of which increases from south to north and from west to east. In the coldest months - January and February - the average monthly temperature in the north is about -20°C, and in the south is about -5°C.

In warm seasons, the influence of the Hawaiian maximum extends to the sea, in connection with this, southerly and southwesterly winds prevail. In summer and early autumn (July–October), the number (with a maximum in September) of typhoons increases over the sea, causing hurricane winds. Average monthly temperature the warmest month of August - in the northern part of the sea is approximately 15 ° C, and in southern regions around 25°C.

The circulation of the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan is determined by the inflow of Pacific waters through the straits and circulation over the sea itself. The warm currents of the eastern part of the sea and the cold currents passing along its western shores form two cyclonic gyres in the northern and southern parts seas.

Water masses are divided into surface, intermediate and deep. For the surface mass, the most big fluctuations temperature and salinity over time and space. Summer temperature surface water in the south 24–25°С, in winter it varies from 15°С in the Korea Strait to 5°С near Hokkaido. In the northwestern part of the sea, summer temperatures are 13–15°C, and in winter throughout the entire convection layer, 0.2–0.4°C. Salinity of surface waters in summer in the south is 33.0–33.4‰, in the north about 32.5‰. In winter, in the northwestern part of the sea, salinity increases to 34.0–34.1‰. The intermediate water mass has a high temperature and salinity. The deep water mass has an exceptionally uniform temperature (0–0.5°С) and salinity (34.0–34.1‰).

Tidal fluctuations in the level of the Sea of ​​Japan are small and amount to 0.2 m off the coast, 0.4–0.5 m off the coast of Primorsky Krai, and exceed 2 m only in the Korea and Tatar Straits. tidal currents are large only in the straits and can reach 140 cm/s.

The appearance of ice in the Sea of ​​Japan is possible as early as October, and the last ice lingers in the north sometimes until mid-June.

Only the northern bays of the mainland coast freeze completely every year. In the western part of the sea, floating fixed ice appears earlier than in the eastern part, and it is more stable. The ice cover reaches its maximum development around mid-February. In the eastern part of the sea, ice melting begins earlier and is more intense than at the same latitudes in the west.

The ice cover of the Sea of ​​Japan varies considerably from year to year. There are cases when the ice cover of one winter is 2 times or more higher than the ice cover of another.

The Sea of ​​Japan is one of the most productive. Off the coast, algae form powerful thickets; benthos is diverse and large in terms of biomass. An abundance of food and oxygen, an influx warm waters create favorable conditions for the development of fish fauna.

The fish population of the Sea of ​​Japan includes 615 species. The main commercial species of the southern part of the sea are sardines, anchovy, mackerel, horse mackerel. IN northern regions mainly mussels, flounder, herring, greenling and salmon are mined. In summer, tuna, hammerhead fish, and saury penetrate the northern part of the sea. Leading place pollock, sardine and anchovy occupy the species composition of fish catches. Fishing in most of the sea continues all year round.

The resource base of the Russian part of the Sea of ​​Japan is insignificant. The Izylmetyevskoye gas field was discovered on the West Sakhalin shelf of the sea, containing 3.8 billion m3 of category C1 reserves and 0.8 billion m3 of category C2, which is unprofitable for exploitation.

On the mainland coasts of the sea, promising placer-bearing areas with severe (according to mineral composition) fraction of sand.

Pollutants (petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals) are brought into the open sea from coastal areas water transport from the atmosphere. Sources of pollutants entering Peter the Great Bay from the shore are industrial and public utilities, as well as maritime transport and the fishing fleet. A significant role in the pollution of the waters of the bay belongs to two major cities- ports: and Nakhodka; the greatest load falls on the Golden Horn, Amur and Ussuri bays.

Significant contribution to pollution coastal zone Peter the Great Bay is brought in by the Razdolnaya, Artemovka, and Partizanskaya rivers, with their flow into sea ​​waters the main amount of suspended solids and pesticides enters.

The Tatar Strait is polluted by wastewater from cities, industrial enterprises and agricultural complexes located on west coast Sakhalin Island (area of ​​the city of Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky) and on the territory of the mainland (Khabarovsk Territory).

The nature of our planet is beautiful and amazing. You can admire its beauty forever.

One of the most attractive, unknown, unpredictable elements for a person at all times was water. Among the variety of rivers, seas and oceans interesting object to study is the Sea of ​​Japan, whose resources belong to several countries and play a large role in their development.

Description

This sea belongs to the Pacific Ocean. Along with the Bering and Okhotsk, it is listed as one of the largest and deep seas Russia. It is of great importance in the implementation of transport and freight traffic, is a source of mineral resources. The Sea of ​​Japan is also distinguished by a high level of harvesting of commercial fish species.

Its area stretches over an area of ​​approximately 1,100 square kilometers, with a volume of 1,700 cubic kilometers. Average depth Sea of ​​Japan - 1550 meters, the largest is more than 3500 meters.

The sea is connected to other seas and the ocean by straits. Nevelsky connects it with the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Korean with East China. Shimonoseki separates the Sea of ​​Japan and the Inland Sea of ​​Japan, as well as Pacific Ocean communicates with the help of the Sangar Strait.

Location

The Sea of ​​Japan lies between mainland Asia and the Korean Peninsula. It washes the land of several countries: Russia, Japan, North Korea, the Republic of Korea.

A characteristic of the Sea of ​​Japan is also the presence small islands, such as Popov, Okushiri, Russian, Oshima, Putyatin, Sado and others. Basically, the cluster of islands is concentrated in the eastern part.

The waters form bays, for example, Sovetskaya Gavan, Ishikari, Peter the Great. As well as capes, the most famous of them are Cape Lazarev, Korsakov, Soya.

The Sea of ​​Japan has many shipping ports. Some of the most significant are Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Tsuruga, Chongjin and others. They organize the transportation of goods not only across the Sea of ​​Japan, but also beyond its borders.

Climate

The weather characteristics of the Sea of ​​Japan are temperate and subtropical climate, steady winds.

Geographical position and large extent divided it into two climatic parts: the northwestern and southeastern zones.

The water temperature in different parts depends on the circulation of flows, heat exchange with the atmosphere, the time of year, and also on the depth of the Sea of ​​Japan. In northern and western parts the temperature of water and air is much lower due to the influence of cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The waters and air masses that came from the Pacific Ocean play an important role in the eastern and southern zones, so the temperatures are much higher.

IN winter period the sea is prone to hurricanes, storms, the duration of which can be several days. The autumn period is typical strong winds that form high, powerful waves. IN summer time year is dominated by stable warm weather in both climate zones.

Characteristics of the waters

During the winter season, the water temperature in different areas is very different. The northern part is characterized by an ice cover on the surface, while in the southern part the approximate temperature is 15 degrees.

In summer, the northern waters of the Sea of ​​Japan warm up to 20 degrees, the southern ones - up to 27.

The water balance consists of two important components: the amount of precipitation, the evaporation of water from the surface, and the exchange of water, which is carried out with the help of straits.

Salinity is made up of the resources of the Sea of ​​Japan, water exchange with other seas, the Pacific Ocean, precipitation, ice melting, season, and some other factors. The average salinity is about 35 ppm.

The transparency of water depends on its temperature. In winter, it is higher than in the warm period of the year, therefore, in the northern part, the density is always higher than in the southern part. According to this principle, the saturation of water with oxygen is distributed.

Development of transport routes

The role of the Sea of ​​Japan in the organization of cargo transportation is very important both for Russia and for other countries.

Maritime transport and cargo transportation is highly developed, having for Russia great importance. The Trans-Siberian Railway ends in the city of Vladivostok. Here the unloading of railway and loading of sea transport is carried out. In the future, passengers and cargo are sent to other ports along sea routes. different countries.

Fishing

Fish resources of the Sea of ​​Japan are characterized by high productivity, diversity, including a large number of fish species. Its waters accommodate more than 3,000 inhabitants. Their population depends on the climate conditions in different areas.

In the warm southeastern part, mackerel, saury, sardine, horse mackerel, anchovies, flounder, and some other varieties of fish are common. Here you can also meet a large number of octopuses. Squid and crabs live in the central regions. In the northwest, salmon, pollock, cod, and herring are caught. The sea also abounds with trepangs, mussels, oysters.

IN Lately actively developing industries where crayfish are bred, sea ​​urchins, as well as the cultivation of algae, seaweed, kelp, shellfish, scallops. These aquacultures are also resources of the Sea of ​​Japan.

In addition to commercial species, the Sea of ​​​​Japan is rich in other inhabitants. Here you can meet seahorses, dolphins, whales, seals, sperm whales, white whales, small sharks and other types of marine life.

Ecology

Like the resources of the Sea of ​​Japan, ecological problems need a separate study. The impact of the life of the population on the environment in different areas is different.

The main source of pollution is the discharge of industrial and domestic effluents. The greatest negative impact is exerted by the release of radioactive substances, products of oil refining, chemical and coal industries, and metalworking. Wastes from various industries flow into the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan.

The extraction and transportation of oil is associated with great risks for environment. In the event of a leak, the oil stain is quite difficult to remove. It causes enormous damage to the ecology of the sea and its inhabitants.

Transport waste from numerous ports, sewage from cities that fall into the sea also cause considerable harm.

Studies of the water of the Sea of ​​Japan show a rather high level of pollution. The composition contains many chemical elements discarded by industries, as well as heavy metals, phenol, zinc, copper, lead, mercury, ammonium nitrogen compounds and other substances. All this contributes to a huge pollution of the environment.

The leaders of the countries with which the sea borders are taking targeted operational and preventive actions in order to preserve unique nature, cleanliness and its inhabitants. It is necessary to control, stop, severely punish cases of releases of chemical and oil wastes into the waters. Enterprises and sewerage required in without fail equip with cleaning filters.

These control measures will be able to prevent environmental pollution, protect numerous inhabitants from death, and also preserve the health of people.

The Sea of ​​Japan is one of the most valuable resources that must not only be actively used, but also protected from negative consequences the life of people.

The information provided will help assess the resources of the Sea of ​​Japan, study its characteristics, recognize its inhabitants, and clarify environmental aspects.

The study of this sea has been going on for a long time. Nevertheless, many questions and problems remain that require research and action.

The Sea of ​​Japan is considered one of the largest and deepest seas in the world. It is a marginal sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean.

Origin

The first information about this sea was obtained from Chinese sources in the 2nd century BC. Historically, it is believed that this reservoir was formed as a result of the melting of the glacier and the rise in the water level in the oceans.

Historical events

In the 14th-16th centuries, pirates seized power at sea. All maritime trade was under their control. From 1603 to 1867, the Sea of ​​Japan was one of the busiest transport links and the main entry route for Dutch and Korean embassies.

Sea of ​​Japan on the map photo

The Sea of ​​Japan witnessed the Russo-Japanese War (1901-1902). Today, the Sea of ​​Japan is an important domestic and international transport artery.

Characteristic

The main characteristics of the Sea of ​​Japan:

• Area 1062,000 square km
• Average sea depth: 1536 m.
• Maximum depth: 3742 m.
• Salinity: 34-35‰.
• Length: from north to south 2,255 km, from west to east about 1,070 km.
• IN winter time part of the Sea of ​​Japan freezes - Russian coastal side, but the ice may break periodically;
• Average annual temperature: in the north 0-12C, in the south 17-26C.

shore of the Sea of ​​Japan photo

currents

The main course of the Sea of ​​Japan is the Tsushima, which is approximately 200 km wide. This current contains surface and intermediate water masses. In addition, the following cold currents are observed in the Sea of ​​Japan:

• Limanskoye, moving at low speed to the southwest;
• North Korean, going south;
• Seaside, or cold current, going to the central part.

Japanese Sea. Primorsky Krai photo

These cold currents form a cycle counterclockwise. The warm Kuroshio current prevails in the southern part of the sea.

What rivers flow

Few rivers flow into the Sea of ​​Japan, although they are all mountainous. Let's take a look at the biggest ones:

• Partisan;
• Tumnin;
• Samarga;
• Rudnaya.

Where does the Sea of ​​Japan flow into?

Through the straits, the waters of the sea enter:

• through the Nevelsky Strait to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk;
• through the Sangar Strait to the Pacific Ocean;
• through the Korea Strait to the East China Sea.

Japanese Sea. storm photo

Climate

The climate of the sea is monsoonal, temperate. The western and northern parts of the sea are much colder than the southern and eastern parts. The temperature difference reaches +27 C. Hurricanes and typhoons often pass over the sea surface.

Despite the fact that the sea is separated from the ocean by the Japanese Islands and Sakhalin, storms and hurricanes often rage in the northern part of the sea, especially in autumn. Such a polo can last up to three days, and the waves reach 12 meters in height. The Siberian anticyclone brings such weather. For this reason, the Sea of ​​Japan is not very calm for navigation.

Japanese Sea. port of Vladivostok photo

In November Northern part the sea is covered with ice, in March-April the ice opens. In summer, the weather is cloudy, weak monsoon winds from the southeast prevail.

Relief

The bottom relief of the Sea of ​​Japan is divided into:

• the northern part (a wide trough that narrows and rises to the north);
• the central part (deep closed basin, elongated in a northeasterly direction);
• the southern part (the relief is complex, shallow water alternates with gutters).

coast this sea mostly mountainous. Low-lying coasts are extremely rare. The coastline is fairly flat on Sakhalin. The shores of Primorye are more indented.

underwater world of the Sea of ​​Japan photo

Cities and ports

We note the more significant Russian port cities located in the Sea of ​​Japan:

• Vladivostok;
• Nakhodka;
• Oriental;
• Sovetskaya Gavan;
• Vanino;
• Shakhtersk.

Flora and fauna

Brown algae and kelp grow abundantly along the seashores. The Sea of ​​Japan is very rich in fish fauna due to the abundance of oxygen and food. Approximately 610 species of fish live here. The main types of fish fauna are:

• In the southern part of the sea - anchovy, sardine, horse mackerel, mackerel.
• In the northern regions - flounder, herring, salmon, greenling, mussels, saury, hammerhead fish, tuna.

Fishing in the Sea of ​​Japan lasts all year round. IN this region There are 6 species of seals, 12 species of sharks that are not dangerous to humans, squids and octopuses.

Few people know the following Interesting Facts about the Sea of ​​Japan:

• Inhabitants North Korea this sea is called the Korean East Sea;
• Inhabitants South Korea- East Sea.
• Here you can meet representatives of 31 orders of fish from 34 orders that exist in the world;
• The Sea of ​​Japan leads in the diversity of fish among all the seas of the Russian Federation;
• A small jellyfish lives in the algae of the sea, capable of infecting the central nervous system, and upon repeated contact, its poison can be fatal. famous resorts not here, but the Sea of ​​Japan is very important for the trade and economy of several countries, including Russia.

Hello friends, I continue the story about the magical land of the samurai. If the state is located on the islands, then one of the most important means of transporting goods is what?? Right! Sea routes and, accordingly, sea transport. Today I will tell you what seaports in Japan, what is interesting and curious about them.

How many ports are there in Japan

Basic - 106

Special purpose - 22

Local - 892

The largest

The export-oriented economy of Japan sends the bulk of the goods, namely by water, through major ports. Yokohama (Yokohama) and Kobe used to play the main role in transportation. They accounted for the maximum load on the export and import of goods.

• Yokohama

The largest Japanese port through which the export of a fifth of the goods produced by this country passes. It is located near. The port of Yokohama is huge - the territory was almost 100 km. Trade cargo passes here, incredible quantities. Millions of tons of timber, coal, cement, oil products, grain, cotton, seafood, cars are transported annually with its help. Yokohama impresses with the number of covered warehouses and the quality of modern equipment for loading and unloading ships.

• Nagoya

Pass through it mainly international shipping. Located on the island of Honshu. because part large area modified for entertainment. Now an amusement park, a large aquarium, shopping complex, worth a real icebreaker.

A unique aquarium, located in two buildings, having come there on an excursion, you can see almost all the creatures that live in the seas surrounding the islands.
Ships bring oil, timber, wool, cotton to Honshu, and take cars and equipment for industry from here.

• Tokyo

major port on the coast of Tokyo Bay. On its territory, there are enterprises that build and repair ships. For a year, almost 100 million tons of various cargoes are transported through Tokyo. Basically, gas, metal, coal, oil, cement, paper and just cellulose are transported here. And so are the passengers.

• Chiba

The port city is also located in Tokyo Bay, in the northeastern part. Chiba has an area of ​​almost 250 kilometers, consists of five districts and many piers. Through this maritime hub, more imports move than exports.

• kawasaki

This is a large port, located in Tokyo Bay, on its west bank. 40 people can enter here at once cargo ships, at the same time. Created here artificial island, for the approach of tankers. Oil and its products, chemicals, grain and machinery are transported through Kawasaki.

• Kitakyushu

It is located in the north of the island of Kyushu, connecting it with waterways from Honshu. Principal port through which Asian ships pass sea ​​route. Ships follow to Shanghai, Dalian, Seoul and other cities.

• Yokkaichi

Another port on the island of Honshu is located very close to Nagoya. Adjacent to it is a large industrial zone, where various factories producing cars, electronics, cement, and ceramics operate. Yokkaichi is quite large and significant, has 60 berths suitable for ships of various sizes. Japan plans a large-scale expansion of Yokkaichi. What are its main cargoes? These are oil, oil products, petrochemicals, cars, wool and cotton.

• Fushiki

ancient seaport on Honshu, more precisely, on its western coast. Previously, ships did not sail across the oceans, but used the Sea of ​​Japan as a safe route. Ships sailed from Honshu to Hokkaido, and then back whole year, stopping at a variety of ports. Fushiki was also part of this water trade route, and rice was taken from it. Now it is international, Russian ships carry cars and other equipment from here.

• Kiire

Located on the coast of Kagoshima Bay. The largest oil crossing in Japan, has huge storage tanks for crude oil. It is used as a transshipment base, from where oil is transported in smaller batches.

• Kobe

A major Japanese port city, is considered one of the world's largest port cities. Almost one and a half million people live in it. Located in the southwestern part of Honshu, Kobe used to be the center of foreign trade. But it was badly damaged by the 1995 earthquake and rebuilt. Kobe a beautiful city, as they say, the most beautiful “white heron” castle in Japan is located here and very good Botanical Garden where you can take great photos.

This port produces the most significant container loads, ships go to 120 different countries from it. Kobe can accept 250 at a time large ships.
Initially, Kobe bore the name Owadano-Tomari, ships from Indochina, Korea, and China gathered in it. The name was later changed to Hyogo and only in 1989 was it given its current name, Kobe.

• Osaka

More Passenger Port, people are transported through it, ferries go. There are also container shipments, but not very many. Osaka was one of the seven ports where foreign ships were allowed to arrive.

The role of maritime transport and ports in the economy

For Japanese economy availability of maritime transport is of great importance. There are few minerals here, they need to be imported in large quantities. Well, how can all these "weights" be delivered to? Only on water. Between the islands, freight traffic is also required. Again rescue ships and ferries. Thus, the presence of a large number of various ports is very convenient and reasonable for Japan.

This is just a small part of the information about what ports are in Japan, and what is their importance for this state. I hope you are like this virtual tour turned out to be interesting and informative. Thank you for being with me! If you like it, then share it with your friends on social networks and subscribe to updates. All the best!