Yalta is the Crimean capital. City `s history. What to see, where to go. History of Yalta briefly

Abstract on the topic:

Yalta

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Geography
  • 1.1 Climate
  • 1.2 Natural resources
• 2 History
• 3 Population
• 4 Economy
• 5 healthcare
• 6 Science
• 7 Transport
• 8 Social sphere
• 9 Attractions
  • 9.1 Museums
• 10 Honorary citizens of Yalta
• 11 Notable residents
• 12 Yalta in verse
• 13 Yalta in literature
• 14 Interesting Facts about the city
• 15 twin cities
Notes

Introduction

Yalta(Ukrainian Yalta, Crimean Tatar Yalta, Yalta from Greek. Γιάλτα listen)) is a resort city in Ukraine, on the southern coast of the Crimean peninsula. The city of Yalta and the so-called " Big Yalta". Big Yalta is called the Yalta region Autonomous Republic Crimea is a territory subordinate to the Yalta City Council. This territory (highlighted in dark on the inset map) occupies part of the southern coast of Crimea from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and includes two cities (Yalta and Alupka) and many villages.

According to the most common version, the name of the city comes from the Greek. γιαλος (yalos) - "shore", however, there are hypotheses that the name of the city is of Turkic origin. The first mention of Yalta is found in the Arab historian Al-Idrisiya in 1154. He calls Dzhalita a Polovtsian city on Black Sea coast. From the Crimean Tatar "jalyd" (yalyta) is translated as "on the shore".

1. Geography

Yalta is located in the south of the Crimean peninsula.

The Crimean Mountains rise in the southern part of the Crimean peninsula. They are a complex combination of small mountain ranges, rocky ridges and basins. Yalta is located on the seashore in the valleys of two mountain rivers of karst origin - Uchan-Su (Waterfall) and Derekoika (Bystraya). On land, the city is surrounded by a semicircle of mountains: to the north and north-west of Yalta is the Ai-Petri Yayla - part of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains; to the north-east of it, a spur of the Nikitskaya Yaila with the peak of Avinda (1473 m) departs, gradually descending to the sea, it ends with Cape Nikitsky (Martyan); to the south-west of Yalta rises the cone-shaped mountain Mogabi (804 m), its southern slope ends at the sea with Cape Ai-Todor.

harbor view

Yalta is distinguished by an abundance of greenery, which has a mixed temperate subtropical character (Crimean and Scots pine, juniper, oak, beech, dogwood, yew, exotic plants: cypress, magnolia, wisteria, fan palm), especially its old part, which seems if viewed from above, a continuous park interspersed with houses.

Representatives of the animal world, typical for the Crimea, live here: the Crimean red deer, roe deer, mountain sheep-mouflon, stone marten, badger, teleutka squirrel, wild boar. Carp, crucian carp, trout, etc. are found in rivers and fresh water bodies. About 180 species of fish are found in the sea, of which 40 are commercial.

Alusht.
city ​​council

Bakhchisaray district

Sevastopol

Black Sea

Alupka

Gaspra

Gurzuf

Massandra

Yalta

Yalta is the recognized capital of Crimean resorts. This administrative center a large area of ​​the southern coast of Crimea, the so-called Big Yalta, more than 70 km long, from Krasnokamenka to Foros. Yalta is the sea gate of the southern coast of Crimea, the international port of Ukraine.

1.1. Climate

Hotel complex "Yalta-Intourist"

The climate of Yalta is subtropical, which is characterized by mild and rainy winters, cool springs, hot and long summers and long and warm autumn. The average July temperature is +24 °C, average temperature January +4 °C, in frosty winters, with the invasion of a cold Arctic cyclone or Siberian anticyclone, the temperature can drop to negative values. January 2006 was abnormally cold for Yalta, on some days the most low temperature for the entire history of observations - about minus 16 ° C at night and minus 11 ° C during the day. Snow cover lasts only a few days a year. Usually December in Yalta is quite warm, the temperature in some sunny days can reach +17-18 °C. It gets colder in January: during the day the temperature drops to +5...+7 °C, but the cold month usually February, although thaws up to +10 °C and above are frequent. Spring in Yalta is always later than in steppe regions Crimea, since the sea cools the air and therefore, from February to mid-April, the temperature can stay around +10 ° C with slight fluctuations in one direction or another. Summer starts in May and lasts until September. The best weather is usually in September and early October and this time is called velvet season. In November, storms begin, but the water is still much warmer than the air (the difference can reach up to 10 degrees). The temperature in winter can reach +19 degrees, and in summer approach the 40-degree mark in the shade.

1.2. Natural resources

Dolphinarium

Important therapeutic and climatic factors of Greater Yalta are the reserves: Yalta mountain forest (area 14.5 thousand ha), Cape Martyan (area 240 ha), Crimean biospheric; monuments landscape gardening art state and local importance(415 ha), local parks and squares (1472 ha). largest parks Yalta are - Massandrovsky, Livadia, Miskhorsky, Alupkinsky. The length of the beaches of Big Yalta is 59 km, their area is 600 thousand sq.m.

View of Yalta

2. History

Yalta was founded by the Greeks presumably in the 1st century. The legend says that the Greek sailors who lost their way during a storm wandered for a long time in search of a shore, and when they finally saw the shore (yalos), they decided to call the settlement based on the landing site that way. In antiquity, the city was part of the Roman Empire, in the Middle Ages it was part of the possessions of the Byzantine Empire, the Principality of Theodoro and the Genoese colonies (Captainship of Gothia) and was known under the names of Yalita and Jalita. Unlike Alushta and Gurzuf, Yalta has never been a fortress or an important military stronghold.

From 1475 to 1774, when the southern coast of Crimea was part of the Ottoman state, Yalta was part of the Mangup Kadylyk.

After the eviction of the Christian population of the Crimea in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, carried out in 1778 by order Russian government, and followed after the entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire By the mass emigration of the Crimean Tatars, Yalta was practically depopulated and by the end of the 18th century it was a small fishing village.

In 1837 a gravel road connected Yalta with Alushta and Simferopol, and in 1848 a road to Sevastopol was built. In 1838, it was decided to separate the southern coast of Crimea into a separate county of the Taurida province, and when choosing the county center, the authorities settled on Yalta. Therefore, in 1838, the Yalta district was formed, and Yalta received the status of a city. Since the middle of the 19th century, the city has been transformed into popular resort and is growing rapidly.

Mark Twain, who visited Yalta in 1867, describes the resort as follows in "Simples Abroad":

The village of Yalta nestles at the bottom of the amphitheater, which, retreating from the sea, gradually rises and passes into a steep mountain range, and it seems that this village quietly slipped here from somewhere above. In the lowland, parks and gardens of the nobility are spread, in dense greenery here and there a palace will suddenly sparkle like a bright flower. A very beautiful place.

By the beginning of the 20th century, in Yalta and the Yalta region, many representatives of Russian nobility, including members of the imperial family and the monarchs themselves. In May 1893, Yalta was withdrawn from the Jewish Pale.

In 1920 during civil war after the defeat of Wrangel's army and the occupation of the Crimea by the Reds, in Yalta the Bolsheviks carried out mass executions of white officers and soldiers who had surrendered, as well as all opponents of the revolution who had not had time to evacuate. According to some sources, several tens of thousands of people were killed in Yalta and its environs during 1920. In 1921, the city was renamed Krasnoarmeysk, and in 1922 the former name was returned.

Leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition at the Yalta Conference

In 1930, Yalta became the center of the region of the Crimean ASSR. During the Great Patriotic War the city suffered from the German occupation and the deportation of the Crimean Tatars carried out in 1944 on the orders of Stalin. From February 4 to February 11, 1945, the Yalta Conference took place in Yalta.

In the post-war years, the city grew and developed as a resort. In the 1960s, the nearby villages of Ai-Vasil, Autka and Derekoi were included in Yalta. In the 1960s, a new South Coast Highway was built, which greatly shortened the road from Yalta to Alushta, Simferopol and Sevastopol, since 1961 a trolleybus connection with Simferopol was opened.

3. Population

• 1805 - 300 people
• 1926 - 28,811 people
• 1939 - 22,993 people
• 1989 - 89,000 people
• 2001 - 97,552 people
• 2009 - around 100,300

The table shows the population of the city of Yalta without the settlements merged with it (Massandra, Livadia, etc.). The population of Big Yalta is a little over 140 thousand. Between March and September, the population of Yalta increases to 500 thousand.

4. Economy

View of Yalta from the sea

Embankment of Yalta

Hotel "Oreanda" and a modern residential building

The industry of the region is represented by 17 enterprises. Food industry enterprises produce 95% of the volume of industrial products (in particular, winemaking - 42%, fish - 19%). On the territory of Greater Yalta there is the Massandra National Production and Agricultural Association (founded at the beginning of the 20th century), state farms - the Livadia and Gurzuf plants, which are part of the association, as well as the Main Plant of the NPAO Massandra. Agricultural production is specialized in viticulture (high-quality varieties - Muscat white, black, pink, cabernet, tokay, albillo, saperavi, pinot and others), fruits and tobacco. Agriculture is represented by such enterprises: the Gurzuf state farm-factory, the Livadia state farm-factory, and the Luch fish farm. Trade: KP "Yalta Gorkooprinktorg", OATP "Yalta Fruit and Vegetable Plant". Housing and communal services: PO water supply and sewerage, KP "Yaltateplokommunenergo". Construction: Krymspetsgidroremstroy, RSU YAO Ukrprofzdravnitsa CJSC.

5. Healthcare

In the region, all types of medical and health-improving institutions are represented, with a total of 144 (for 39 thousand places), of which 115 (for 34.7 thousand places) are summer functioning. The resort facilities of Big Yalta include: 70 sanatoriums and boarding houses, 16 rest houses, 17 boarding houses, 18 recreation centers, 8 health camps, 4 tourist bases and camping, 11 hotels. The largest complexes of the sanatorium-resort sphere are the Yalta-Intourist, Oreanda, Palmira-Palace hotels, the Artek International Children's Center, the Vorontsovo Rest House and many others.

6. Science

The scientific potential of Big Yalta is represented by 5 research and scientific institutes(Research Institute of Vine and Wine "Magarach", State Nikitsky Botanical Garden, Research Institute of Balneology, Physiotherapy. Sechenov, Yalta branch of the Crimean Research Institute of Design, Yalta branch of the Krymkurortproekt).

7. Transport

Trolleybus Skoda-9 Tr in Yalta

Big Yalta has a developed transport infrastructure that caters to the needs of the resort. The main land transport arteries are the highways Simferopol - Alushta - Yalta and Sevastopol - Yalta - Alushta - Feodosiya. The structure of transport and communications includes: Ukrtelecom, Crimean Directorate of PE Electrosvyaz, Yalta Commercial Sea Port.

Maritime transport services are provided by the Yalta Commercial Sea Port, which accepts cargo and passenger (in particular cruise) ships. Yalta cargo commercial port provides processing and shipment of cargo, coastal and international shipping. Yalta Passenger Port carries out transportation of vacationers and residents of Yalta along the southern coast of Crimea.

Since 1961, the intercity trolleybus line Simferopol-Alushta-Yalta, unique for the CIS, has been operating (routes from Yalta 52 to Simferopol, 53 to Alushta, 60 to Krasnokamenka).

Urban transport is represented by urban trolleybus routes (routes 1, 2, 1/3; trolleybuses Skoda-9tr, Skoda-14tr, Bogdan T701.10 are used; see Yalta trolleybus), buses and fixed-route taxi(about 40 routes; see Yalta bus), taxi.

It is planned to create a light metro of the RADAN system developed by the Design Bureau. Antonov (see Yalta light metro).

Actually in Yalta there is a small cable car leading from the embankment to them. Lenin to the top of the hill Darsan (hill of Glory). Also in Big Yalta there is a cable car Miskhor-Ai-Petri.

Miskhorsky park

Restaurant in Yalta

Embankment

Botanical Garden

8. Social sphere

There are 26 general education schools in Yalta (16,540 students), an evening school (1,020 students); 30 kindergartens (1890 children), 6 out-of-school institutions (3800 children); there are 5 educational and educational complexes "school - kindergarten", UVK "School - kindergarten" No. 15 with instruction in Ukrainian, an experimental educational complex "School of the Future".

In Yalta, there is also one state higher educational institution- Crimean Humanitarian University - and several non-state (Yalta University of Management, etc.), Medical College. The cultural potential of Greater Yalta is: Alupka palace and park complex, Livadia Palace-Museum, Yalta Historical and Literary Museum, A. Chekhov House-Museum, Yaltafilm Crimean Film Studio, Theater named after. A. Chekhov, the center of organ music "Livadia", concert hall"Jubilee", a centralized library system, the A. Pushkin Museum in Gurzuf, the Museum of Lesya Ukrainka, etc.

There are 35 sports organizations in the city (sports sections for 21 sports, 12 of which are Olympic). Famous Yalta athletes: L. Osmanova (powerlifting), A. Vedenmeer (rock climbing), A. Risnik (kickboxing), Y. Solodkov (Thai boxing), R. Zagorodnyuk (boxing), Yalta urban sports team (captain - A. Babich).

The most popular mass city events are "Crimean Winter", "Winter Sea", sports festivals dedicated to the day of the city, the Day of Sports of Ukraine.

Yalta street (Count passage)

In summer, Yalta becomes one of the centers cultural life Ukraine. Theater and film festivals are held here (International folklore festival, since 1999); International telecinema forum "Together" (since 2000), International festival classical music"Stars of the Planet", the international organ festival "Livadia-Fest", the festival "Sea of ​​Friends", "Near the Black Sea", the festival of bartending art "Freestyle" and others. Since 1999, the Yalta Fireworks Festival has become an annual event, which usually takes place on the eve of Yalta City Day (the second week of August).

The activity of 285 public associations of citizens has been legalized in the city, including 17 regional branches of political parties and 57 religious organizations. Since 1861, there has been a Jewish community in the city.

9. Attractions

View of Yalta from the sea

Pond in Primorsky Park depicting the Black Sea

Yalta itself is interesting for its unique combination architectural monuments inscribed in the mountain landscape. There are many beautiful (although not always in good condition) buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Yalta was a favorite vacation spot for the Russian aristocracy, who reached out to the Southern Coast of Crimea following the royal family, who founded the Oreanda and Livadia estates here.

One of the most interesting places Yalta:

• Baths of Roffe;
• city ​​embankment, restored in 2003-2004;
• an Armenian church built by the architect Ter-Mikalyan in the likeness of the church of St. Hripsime in Etchmiadzin and painted inside by the outstanding Armenian artist Vardges Surenyants (Zagorodnaya street)
• Roman Catholic Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary (Pushkinskaya St.)
• Center for Organ Music "Livadia" (Baturin St. 4)
• Yalta cable car, the lower station of which is located next to the building of the hotel "Tavrida", leading to the domed hill Darsan (140 m), from which a panorama of the city (embankment) opens;
• reconstructed hotel "Tavrida" - the first hotel with elevators in Russia;
• Church of St. John Chrysostom with a golden-haired bell tower (Tolstoy St.)
• Alexander Nevsky Temple (designed by architects N. P. Krasnov and P. K. Terebenev) (Sadovaya Street);
• the former general building of the sanatorium of the Ministry of Defense, built in the style gothic castle(Sverdlov st.)
• the palace of the Emir of Bukhara (now the building of the sanatorium) (Kommunarov st.);
• Zoo "Skazka" (Kirov St.);
• building in the Moorish style, st. Ekaterininskaya, 8 where Lesya Ukrainka stayed
• house with caryatids, where the composer Alexander Spendiarov lived
• cottage of the Countess of Vadar, built as a small copy of the Alhambra in Granada, etc.

In addition, a lot of old dachas and estates have now been turned into residential buildings or sanatorium buildings, but have not lost their originality and attractiveness.

In Yalta, there is a beautiful Massandra Park (near the Yalta Hotel).

9.1. Museums

• Yalta Historical and Literary Museum (YALM) (Yalta, Pushkinskaya St., 5)
• Department of YaILM "Culture of Yalta - late XIX - early XX centuries." (Yalta, Ekaterininskaya st., 8)
• Literary-memorial house-museum of N. Z. Biryukov (branch of YaILM) (Yalta, Krasnoarmeyskaya st., 1-a)
• Livadia Palace Museum (Yalta, Livadia settlement)
• Palace of Alexander III (Yalta, Massandra, Palace of Alexander III)
• Museum "Glade of Fairy Tales" (Yalta, Kirov St.)
• House-Museum of Chekhov (Yalta, Kirov St., 112)
• Museum of Lesya Ukrainka (YALM department) (Yalta, Ekaterininskaya st., 8)
• house museum musical culture named after composer Alexander Spendiarov

Previously in Yalta operated:

• Department of Holography (Yalta, Pushkinskaya st., 5)
• Literary and Memorial Museum of Konstantin Trenev and Pyotr Pavlenko (Yalta, Pavlenko St., 10)

10. Honorary citizens of Yalta

11. Notable Residents

• Evgeny Aldonin (born 1980) is a Russian footballer, midfielder for CSKA Moscow, Honored Master of Sports.
• Lambros Katsonis (1752-1805) - Greek corsair in the Russian service, national hero of Greece, Russian officer, nobleman and industrialist.
• Kislyakov, Sergei (1893-1980) - French painter.
• Pugovkin, Mikhail Ivanovich (1923-2008) - Soviet and Russian theater and film actor, People's Artist of the USSR.
• Sofia Rotaru, since 1975, Honorary Citizen.
• Spendiarov, Alexander Afanasyevich (1871-1928) - Armenian composer and conductor, People's Artist of Armenia.
• Turbina Nika (1974 - 2002) - Russian poetess.
• Tsvetkova Valentina Petrovna (1917-2007) - Ukrainian painter, master of landscape and still life.
• Evelina Bledans (born 1969) - Soviet and Russian theater and film actress, singer, TV presenter.
• Pavel Argeev (1887-1922) - Russian ace pilot of the First World War.

The fate of many famous artists, writers, actors, singers and composers who lived in the city for some time is connected with Yalta. Among them:

• Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninov is a Russian composer, pianist and conductor.
• Pushkin, Alexander - the greatest Russian poet.
• Tsvetaeva, Marina - Russian poetess.
• Chekhov, Anton - Russian writer.
• Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich is one of the most widely known Russian writers and thinkers.
• Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich - Russian writer.
• Marshak Samuil Yakovlevich - Russian Soviet poet, playwright, translator, literary critic.
• Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich - Soviet writer, poet.
• Gonchar Alexander Terentyevich - Ukrainian Soviet writer, publicist and public figure.
• Shchepkin Mikhail Semyonovich - Russian actor, one of the founders of the Russian acting school.
• Kozlovsky Ivan Semyonovich - Soviet opera and chamber singer.
• Vasiliev Fedor Alesandrovich - Russian landscape painter.
• Bogdanovich, Maxim - Belarusian poet.
• Nadson, Semyon - Russian poet.
• Kalinnikov, Vasily - Russian composer.
• Rudansky, Stepan - Ukrainian writer.
• Turbina, Nika - Russian poetess.
• Ukrainian, Lesya - Ukrainian poetess.

The cult Russian punk rock band Red mold was founded in Yalta

12. Yalta in verse

Bossoli. View of Yalta

The famous poet Nikolai Rubtsov in the poem "Elegy" wrote:

13. Yalta in literature

In Yalta unfold:

• events of A.P. Chekhov's story "The Lady with the Dog"
• the action of the film by Sergei Solovyov "Assa"
• Woland throws Styopa Likhodeev from Moscow to Yalta in the latest edition of The Master and Margarita.
• Kisa Vorobyaninov and Ostap Bender end up in Yalta looking for a chair with diamonds in the novel "The Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.
• In Yalta (Miskhor) the action of Alexander Kuprin's story "White Poodle" takes place.
• Vlas Mikhailovich Doroshevich. "Yalta"

14. Interesting facts about the city

Young lovers often decipher the name of the city of Yalta by the first three letters: I Love You.

15. Twin Cities, Resorts of Crimea , Southern coast of Crimea , Settlements subordinate to the Yalta City Council , Yalta .
The text is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.

The legend says that the history of Yalta begins with Greek sailors, who wandered for a long time in search of a land where they could moor. They called the shore “yalos”, and the settlement they founded on this place was called Yalos or Yalta. In the 13th century, Venetian merchants settled here, later driven out by the Genoese. The latest set up all along the shore trading ports. At the same time, fortresses began to be built. Their ruins can still be found today. They date back to the 11th-15th centuries.

The next period of Yalta can be attributed to the Byzantine Empire. This was the principality of Theodoro. The city was called Yalita or Jalita. It has never been a fortress, nor was it an important strategic point. In the 14th century, the city can be found on maps under the names Kallita, Gialita or Etalita. But all of them are similar to the current toponym.

Middle Ages

Not being a military point, Yalta has experienced many dramatic pages:

• conquest by the Turks in 1475;
• a devastating earthquake in the same 15th century;
• Migration of Christians to Russia in 1778.

So, the city, which had no defense value, fell into disrepair, became a small fishing village. New wave the settlement of this area began with the distribution of land by the Russian emperor, when the Crimea came under the leadership of Count M. Vorontsov as governor general. Then vineyards, orchards began to appear here, and behind them the palaces of noble persons. The Russian leadership liked Yalta because there was enough fresh water and the bay was very comfortable.

The status of the city of Yalta was assigned in 1838. It became a county town. Here lay good road. And then a full-fledged port was built, so that the ships did not have to transfer passengers and reload goods onto longboats that could go directly to the shore.

resort city

The value of Yalta as a resort was understood by citizens only after the Crimean War. The healthfulness of the climate was proved by S. Botkin and V. Dmitriev. These doctors became the culprits for the emergence of palaces here - Massandra and Livadia. But not only imperial palaces, but the mansions of other wealthy citizens began to be built here almost in droves. It was the status of the resort that helped Yalta become a major locality. The construction boom was also helped by holding in the Crimea railway.

Today, perhaps, the most interesting object near Yalta can be called bird home. beautiful castle as if hovering over a rock. Few people know that engineering thought saved this architectural object. After all, the earthquake knocked out half of its foundation from under the building.

A dark page in the history of Yalta was the events of the Red Terror and the Great Patriotic War. But the city was not destined to cease to exist, it was reborn and survived, remaining a beautiful pearl of the Crimea.

They belong to the sixth century BC. IN history of Yalta Tauris are considered the first settlers, ancient people who led a semi-settled life.

In the third century BC, Yalta was settled by the Greeks and a small settlement was set up. According to legend, the name of the city of Yalta comes from the ancient Greek word Yalos - coast. The sailors got into a big storm and spent several weeks at sea. Already losing all hope, one of the sailors saw the shore and shouted: "Yalos, Yalos", hence the name. Due to its closeness to land mountains and a beautiful bay, the city began to grow. On the slopes of Yalta, vineyards grew wonderfully, cattle breeding, winemaking and agriculture flourished.

There are no big events and mentions of Yalta until the 14th century in history, but since the beginning of the 14th century two events have happened in Yalta: the first - it was captured by the Ottoman Empire, which significantly reduced the population of the city, and the second event occurred in the second half of the 14th century - a powerful earthquake which almost completely destroyed the city. It took about 80 years to restore the city. IN Ottoman Empire Yalta is often called "Yalita", under this name it appears on maps and in official documents. Tatars become the main population of Yalta, this lasts until 1783, until the Crimea passes under the rule of the Russian Empire. Most of the population of Yalta will move to Turkey, the city is practically empty and becomes a small fishing village with a population of about 50 people.

In 1823, by decree of Count Vorontsov, the territory of Yalta falls under the master plan of settlement, the lands are distributed to wealthy merchants, military officers and retired military men - on the condition of the mandatory settlement of the city, its development, economic development.

In 1838, Yalta officially became a city; most beautiful palaces: , . A year earlier, the first road from Yalta to was laid, which greatly facilitated the development of the city and filling it with people and luxury. Before that, it was possible to get into the city either from the sea or by mountain paths and steep roads.

At the end of the 19th century, Sergei Petrovich Botkin, a world-famous scientist, made a great contribution to the development of the city. In his essays, he wrote a lot about the Crimea, especially about Yalta. In the exercise of the royal family during visits to the Crimea, there was a health walk along, which is still popular to this day. It originates practically from Yalta and leads its way high into the mountains, along very convenient paths, even an absolutely unprepared person is able to overcome it.
From 1886 to 1898, sewerage was carried out in the city and a water supply system was rebuilt, which is fed from mountain rivers bringing cold and clean water. The city is almost completely equipped.

Yalta survived the revolution with a complete redistribution of property, palaces and mansions passed to the working people, and in most of them, health-improving sanatoriums were organized. Since 1920, Yalta has been filled with a large number of tourists from all over the USSR.

In 1944, Yalta, like the entire Crimea, was liberated from the German invaders, and already in 1945, the most famous meeting of the three leaders of world powers in its history was held in Yalta, who were introduced by their heads Stalin I.V., Churchill W. and Roosevelt F. The conference entered world history as the "Yalta Conference", the most important decisions were made on the creation of the UN, new borders of the states captured by Hitler were defined and established, lines of demarcation of zones of influence were established. It is difficult to overestimate the significance of the Yalta Conference, it influenced the fate of the entire globe and inscribed the city in world history. full of amazing events of world significance, which played a significant role in the establishment of the world order in the post-war years.

Yalta is located in the south of the Crimean peninsula on the Black Sea coast. At the same time, the concepts of the city of Yalta and Big Yalta are separated. The last name is the Yalta region. Yalta is considered the recognized capital of the Crimean resorts, as well as a commercial and passenger seaport Southern coast of Crimea. A common version of the appearance of the name of the city is that it is of Turkic origin. Yalta was first mentioned by the Arab historian Al-Idrisia in 1154.

Translated from the Crimean Tatar "yalyda" means "on the shore". Yalta is located in the southern part of the Crimean peninsula, on the seashore on three hills in the valleys of the Derekoika (Bystraya) and Uchan-Su (Waterfall) rivers. On the territory of Greater Yalta there is a large number of parks. Vorontsovsky and Livadia are general resort attractions due to their size. The famous walking Tsar's path originates in Livadia Park. The following parks are also attractive for tourists: Gurzufsky, Kharaksky, Miskhorsky, Cypress, Chair, Primorsky and many others. They were created on the basis of the southern coastal forest using decorative foreign plants. The Yalta Mountain and Forest Nature Reserve is located on the territory of Greater Yalta.

The territory of the city of Yalta has a subtropical Mediterranean climate. It is characterized by: mild and rainy winters, long hot summers, cool springs and long warm autumns. Great importance has a combination of non-freezing warm sea and mountains that stand in the way of cold winds. Recreational resources for Yalta they play the most important role. Such reserves as the Yalta mountain-forest, Crimean natural and Cape Martyan are the main therapeutic and climatic resource of the city. Also importance have monuments of landscape art of local and national importance.

In Yalta there are beautiful picturesque forests, tracts and beautiful river gorges. The Crimean flora is special in that it contains a large number of plants of alien species, and also in that there is a continuous vegetation of plants, when spring flowers begin to bloom after the last autumn flowers. The fauna has an island character and is very close to the Mediterranean type. The southern coast does not have large animals at all, mainly the following animals are characteristic of this part: teleutut squirrel, mouflon mountain sheep, stone marten, badger, roe deer, wild boar, weasel, hare, hedgehog, bat, shrew, fox. The ecology of Yalta has a number of problems, primarily pollution caused by transport emissions. In the early 2000s, the reconstruction of almost the entire Yalta coast began, namely: many beaches were reconstructed, and new ones were created; many wild beaches. Massandra Beach received the prestigious Blue Flag award.

The restoration, after which the Yalta embankment became a shopping street and a place for mass celebrations, was completed in 2003. The resort city of Yalta gained wide popularity in the Soviet years. This was due to the fact that the rest here was much easier due to visa-free regime and affordability for residents of the CIS countries, and since the beginning of the XXI century it has become cheaper and in comparison with Russian resorts. As for the landscape of Yalta, there is interesting combination architecture and nature.

A large number of the most beautiful picturesque buildings of the late XIX - early XX centuries have been preserved on the territory. Today, the city is also of considerable interest among vacationers against the backdrop of Russian and European resort cities. Every year this city is visited by a large number of people who are going to have a good time, relax, swim in the sea, visit local attractions or receive medical treatment in Yalta sanatoriums.

The city is small, a resort, but even in winter life does not stop here, it's just that the intensity of tourism decreases. The city is somewhat similar to Sochi, far from a copy, but there is something subtle in common.
As in other cities of the Crimea, life seems to have stopped here after the collapse Soviet Union leaving us a reminder of what Russia was like 20 years ago.

Spread on three hills on the seashore in the valleys of two mountain rivers of karst origin - Uchan-Su (Waterfall) and Derekoika (Bystraya). The indigenous inhabitants of Crimea are the Taurians, the remains of their settlements in the 6th-5th centuries BC. e discovered by archaeologists on the outskirts of the city.

According to legend, Yalta was founded by Greek sailors, who, after seeing the coast (Yalos) after long wanderings, named the settlement. Later, Venetian merchants settled on this coast, then Genoese. In documents and maps of the 14th century, Yalta is called Yalita, Kallita, Gialita and Etalita. In the summer of 1475, the territory of Crimea, including Yalta, was captured by the Ottoman Turks.

In the second half of the 15th century, Yalta was destroyed by an earthquake. Only 70 years later, this area was re-populated by Greeks and Armenians. Most likely, since then, the settlement has been entrenched modern name. By the time the Crimea became part of the Russian Empire in April 1783, Yalta was practically deserted and was a small fishing village.

In 1823, Count M. S. Vorontsov, being Governor General Novorossiysk Territory, which then included Crimea, distributed 200 acres of land in Yalta with the condition of building on this land and planting orchards and vineyards. On south coast new owners of land erected luxurious palaces, villas, mansions, planted industrial gardens and vineyards, magnificent parks, which today adorn the Southshore. The area needed some kind of center, and the choice fell on Yalta, despite the fact that at that time it was a very tiny village. This choice was dictated by the nature of the area, a sufficient amount of fresh water for those times and a convenient bay. By the beginning of the 20th century, many representatives of the Russian nobility, including members of the imperial family and the monarchs themselves, had dachas and palaces in Yalta and the Yalta region.

Bas-relief on the window

In 1920 - during the Civil War - after the retreat of the Russian army of General Wrangel and the occupation of the Crimea by the Reds in Yalta, the Bolsheviks carried out mass executions of white officers and soldiers who had surrendered, as well as all opponents of the revolution who did not have time to evacuate. According to some sources, several tens of thousands of people were killed in Yalta and its environs during 1920. In 1921, the city was even renamed Krasnoarmeysk, but in 1922 the former name was returned.

In 1920, V. I. Lenin signed a decree in Moscow "On the use of the Crimea for the treatment of workers." Soon the construction of new health resorts began. On February 20, 1921, the first official Soviet holiday season for arriving patients. In 1925, the first peasant sanatorium was opened in the former royal estate of Livadia, and at the foot of the Bear Mountain was founded pioneer camp Artek.

During the occupation of Crimea by German troops during the Great Patriotic War, an anti-Nazi underground operated in the city. In Yalta, the invaders created a Jewish ghetto, into which the entire Jewish population of the city - 4,500 people - was driven.

In the postwar years, the city grew rapidly and developed as a resort. Since the second half of the 1950s, the Yalta resort has been actively developing elite vacation, a system of state dachas is being formed.
Under the Soviet Union, of all the sanatorium-and-spa institutions in Yalta, only 31 out of 13 thousand places belonged to trade unions, the rest - to various union departments. These resorts were located in coastal zone behind high fences, their territories and beaches were inaccessible to other vacationers.

Today, Yalta unofficial capital Crimea, its resort capital, therefore, unlike Feodosia or Kerch, money was still made here before, and the city was being improved, but nevertheless, a lot needs restoration, overhaul and reorganization. Now that Crimea has returned home, this will finally be taken care of. Probably, in another five to ten years there will be little left of the current Yalta, and the city will resemble Sochi much more, not so elusively.

Yalta bus station

Yalta bus station

The unofficial motto of Yalta is: "Yalta is a city of happiness!". And young lovers often decipher the name of the city of Yalta by the first three letters: I Love You.

Yalta - the city of happiness

The fate of many famous artists, writers, actors, singers and composers who lived in the city for some time is connected with Yalta.

Monument to Shevchenko

Hotel Bristol

Chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker

Yalta, cafe "History"

Seaport of Yalta

Boulevard Pharmacy

As in most cities, there are a lot of monuments, memorial steles, memorial plaques, statuettes in Yalta, but most of monuments installed in the modern period.
A monument to the writer Yulian Semyonov is installed on the Yalta embankment near the Oreanda Hotel.

Monument to the writer and publicist Yulian Semyonov

Monument to Alexander Khanzhonkov - the creator of the Yalta film studio

Officially, in 2001, there were only 1% of Crimean Tatars in Yalta, however, there is a lot of Tatar heritage in the architecture of Yalta.

And in general, residential architecture here is peculiar, this is due to the fact that the terrain for construction is rather difficult, and the price of land in Yalta is quite high, so everyone tries to build not in breadth, but in height, because the air is free. This is how original transforming houses appear in Yalta, you come up to the building from the upper street and see a small hut in front of you, and you look from the lower street at the same building, so you already have a whole five-story mansion in front of you. In Yalta, it is hard to meet two similar houses, like two drops of water. Is not Big City with Soviet twin boxes. Every centimeter is saved here, which makes the local architecture rather intricate and chaotic, but always extremely rational.
Because in Yalta there are practically no flat sections, then the streets have a chaotic direction, moreover, there are almost no straight lines. Finding something at the address is sometimes difficult.

Yalta street

Pushkinskaya alley is one of the few straight streets in Yalta.

Pushkinskaya street

Monument to A.S. Pushkin on Pushkinskaya Alley

magnolia blossoms

Pushkinskaya street

Cafe Yalta

Bridge across the river Wuchang-su

Roman Catholic Cathedral Holy Mother of God- Church Immaculate Conception- Built in 1906. In the same year, divine services began in the church, although the construction of the building had not yet been completed: the bell tower was not built (it still does not exist). In terms of its architectural features, the temple resembles the churches of Europe, designed in gothic style. Above the entrance is written in Latin: "Dedicated to God and the Immaculate Mother of God Mary."

Church of the Immaculate Conception

Church of the Immaculate Conception

Life has made its own adjustments. In addition to the "dacha" construction of the 19th century and the Soviet legacy, modern "creativity" was added, which both decorates the city and sometimes spoils it greatly.

Cinema

Dacha "Omyur" - a beautiful two-story house made of gray stone (local limestone) in pseudo-Gothic style. The family of Kapitolina Ilovaiskaya lived in the dacha. The hostess rented the rooms on the ground floor for the summer to friends and acquaintances. Anton Pavlovich met the Ilovaisky family in 1892. And in October 1898, the writer settled in two corner rooms of their Yalta dacha and lived here until April 1899.

Cottage "Omyur"

Cottage "Omyur"

Literary Museum

Lutheran Church of St. Mary - the current temple of Yalta. Built in 1885 at the expense of parishioners of the Lutheran faith, as well as donations from the German and Russian emperors.

Lutheran Church of St. Mary

Bas-relief on the building

The Cathedral of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky is the main Orthodox cathedral of Yalta, one of the sights of the city. The construction of the cathedral is inextricably linked with the Russian imperial house, whose patron was St. Alexander Nevsky. The cathedral was built in honor of the Russian Emperor Alexander II, who died at the hands of the People's Will.
Two-tiered, with open galleries, the Yalta Cathedral was built in the Old Russian style and decorated with numerous decorative elements. The icons for the cathedral were painted by masters from Mstera in the Vladimir province.

Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky

Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky

cable car

Local market - hello from the 90s. Before the trip to Yalta, I was sure that there were no such spontaneously ground markets (single grandmothers at city markets do not count) anymore, and the markets themselves in Russia were far from being everywhere.

Yalta bow