A lake that does not flow into any river. Unique rivers of the world and rivers of Russia - Rivers that go underground for a while
A lake is a body of water without direct connection with the oceans. Lakes, like any geographical object, should be classified according to various aspects: historical, geographical, political, economic, geological, legal, and others. Geographically, lakes should be divided into the following types: 1. In relation to the mainland: 1.1. Lakes located in Africa. 1.2. Lakes located in Eurasia. 1.3. Lakes located in Australia. 1.4. Lakes located in North America. 1.5. Lakes located in South America. 1.6. Lakes located in Antarctica. 1.7. Lakes located on the islands. 2. In relation to the part of the world: 2.1. Lakes related to Africa. 2.2. Lakes related to Antarctica. 2.3. Lakes related to Asia. 2.4. Lakes belonging to Europe. 2.5. Lakes washing two parts of the world. 2.6. Lakes related to Australia and Oceania. 2.7. Lakes related to America. 3. According to the water balance: 3.1. Drainless lakes. 3.2. Waste lakes. 4. By salinity of water: 4.1. Fresh lakes. 4.2. Salt lakes. 4.3. Fresh-salt lakes. 5. By depth: 5.1. Deep water lakes. 5.2. Lakes of medium depth. 5.3. Shallow lakes. 6. By area: 6.1. Large lakes. 6.2. Lakes of medium size. 6.3. Small lakes. 6.4. Microlakes. 7. In relation to the basin of the World Ocean: 7.1. Lakes related to the basin Pacific Ocean. 7.2. Lakes belonging to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 7.3. Lakes belonging to the Indian Ocean basin. 7.4. Lakes belonging to the Atlantic Ocean basin. 7.5. Lakes belonging to the endorheic basin. 8. In relation to the islands: 8.1. Lakes with islands inside. 8.2. Lakes containing archipelagos. 8.3. Lakes, within which there are no islands and archipelagos. 9. In relation to the rivers flowing into the lake: 9.1. Lakes with only one river. 9.2. Lakes into which two rivers flow. 9.3. Lakes into which three or more rivers flow. 9.4. Lakes into which rivers do not flow. 10. In relation to the rivers flowing from the lake: 10.1. Lakes from which a river flows. 10.2. Lakes from which the river does not flow. 11. By status: 11.1. Lakes of the first order. 11.2. Lakes of the second order. 12. In relation to the equator: 12.1. Lakes located in the Northern Hemisphere. 12.2. Lakes in the Southern Hemisphere. 12.3. Lakes located in the northern and southern hemispheres. 13. In relation to the Greenwich meridian: 13.1. Lakes located in the Western Hemisphere. 13.2. Lakes located in the Eastern Hemisphere. 13.3. Lakes located in the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. 14. In relation to reservoirs: 14.1. Lakes that are part of the reservoir. 14.2. Lakes that are not part of a reservoir. All lakes existing in the world should be divided into lakes of the first order and lakes of the second order. Most of the lakes on Earth belong to the lakes of the first order. Lakes of the second order include lakes that are integral part any lake of the first order. For example, Lake Peipsi-Pskovskoe consists of three lakes of the second order: Pskovskoe Lake, Warm Lake and Lake Peipus. Lakes are found on all continents. The following lakes are located in Europe: 1. lake constance. Located on the border of Switzerland, Germany and Austria. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 2. Lake Geneva. Located on the French-Swiss border. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 3. Kubenskoye lake. This shallow lake is located in Russia. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 4. Ladoga lake. Territory of Russia. 5. Lake Neuchâtel. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. Territory of Switzerland. 6. Lake Balaton. Shallow lake. Located in Hungary. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 7. Lake Baskunchak. Shallow, salty lake. Located on the territory of Russia. 8. Lake Vänern Territory of Sweden. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 9. Lake Vättern. Is located Scandinavian Peninsula. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 10. Lake Vozhe. This shallow lake is located in Russia. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 11. Lake Vygozero. It is a shallow lake. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 12. Lake Garda. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 13. Lake Ilmen. Shallow lake. Territory of Russia. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 14. Lake Imandra. Territory of Russia. 15. Lake Inarijärvi. Located in Finland. 16. Lake Como. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 17. Lake Maggiore. Located on the border of Italy and Switzerland. 18. Lake Lacha. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. Territory of Russia. It is a shallow lake. 19. Lake Lezina. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. This is a shallow lake. 20. Lake Mälaren. Part of Sweden. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 21. Lake Prespa. It is located on the border of Greece, Albania and Macedonia. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 22. Lake Päijänne. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 23. Lake Saimaa. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 24. Lake Segozero. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 25. Lake Seliger. Shallow lake. Territory of Russia. 26. Lake Topozero. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 27. Lake Shkoder. Located on the Montenegrin-Albanian border. 28. Lake Elton. Shallow, salty lake. Refers to an endorheic basin. 29. Lake Onega. Located in Russia. 30. Lake Ohrid. Located on the Macedonian-Albanian border. 31. Lake Trasimeskoe. The lake is shallow. 32. Lake Zurich. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 33. Lake Peipus-Pskov. The lake is shallow. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. The following lakes are located on the territory of Asia: 1. The Big Aral Sea. It is located on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The lake is shallow. 2. Small Aral Sea. This is a shallow, salty lake. Refers to an endorheic basin. 3. Dead Sea. It is located on the border of Palestine, Israel and Jordan. This is a salt lake. 4. Lake Alakol. This is a salt lake. 5. Lake Baikal. This is a deep water lake. Is in Eastern Siberia . Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 6. Lake Balkhash. This is a shallow lake. Refers to an endorheic basin. Territory of Kazakhstan. Lake Balkhash should be classified as fresh-salt lakes, since in the western part of the lake the water is fresh, and in the eastern part of the lake the water is salty. 7. Lake Van. This is a salt lake. Located in Turkey. 8. Dongting Lake Refers to the Pacific Ocean. 9. Lake Essey. Territory of Russia. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 10. Lake Zaisan. This is a shallow lake. 11. Lake Issyk-Kul. This is a deep water lake. Territory of Kyrgyzstan. Refers to an endorheic basin. 12. Lake Kukunor. The lake is shallow, salty. Territory of China. 13. Lake Lop Nor. This is a salty, drying lake. Territory of China. 14. Lake Nam-Tso. Salt Lake. 15. Lake Poyang. Refers to the Pacific Ocean. Shallow lake. 16. Lake Ritsa. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 17. Lake Sevan. Located in Armenia. 18. Lake Taimyr. It is a shallow lake. Territory of Russia. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 19. Lake Tengiz. This is a shallow, salty lake. Territory of Kazakhstan. 20. Lake Tonle Sap. Territory of Cambodia. Refers to the Pacific Ocean. Shallow lake. 21. Lake Tuz. This is a shallow, salty lake located in Turkey. 22. Lake Ubsu-Nur. Located on the Russian-Mongolian border. Refers to an endorheic basin. Shallow lake. 23. Lake Urmia. This is a shallow, salty lake. Located in Iran. 24. Lake Khanka. Located on the Russian-Chinese border. Refers to the Pacific Ocean. Shallow lake. 25. Lake Khubsugul. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. 26. Lake El Milh. The lake is salty. 27. Teletskoye lake. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. Territory of Russia. 28. Lake of Tiberias. Shallow lake. And Africa boasts the following lakes: 1. Lake Albert. Located on the border of Uganda and Congo. 2. Lake Victoria. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 3. Lake Kivu. Located on the Congolese-Rwandan border. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 4. Lake Mweru. Located on the Congolese-Zambian border. Shallow lake. 5. Lake Nyasa. Located on the border of Malawi, Tanzania and Mozambique. This is a deep water lake. 6. Lake Rudolph. Located on the Kenyan-Ethiopian border. 7. Lake Tana. Ethiopian territory. This is a shallow lake. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 8. Lake Tanganyika. This is a deep water lake. 9. Lake Chad. This is a shallow lake. Refers to an endorheic basin. 10. Lake Edward. Located on the Congolese-Ugandan border. The following lakes are located on the territory of Australia: 1. Lake Gardner. This is a salt lake. Refers to an endorheic basin. 2. Lake Mackay. This is a drying lake. 3. Lake Torrens. Shallow, salty lake. Refers to an endorheic basin. 4. Lake Eyre. Shallow, ephemeral lake. Refers to an endorheic basin. It should be noted that there is only one country on the mainland of Australia - Australia. Consequently, all the lakes located on this mainland are located on the territory of one country - Australia. There are lakes not only in the Eastern Hemisphere, but also in the Western. In the territory North America the following lakes are located: 1. Big Bear Lake. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. Territory of Canada. 2. Great Slave Lake. The lake is deep. Territory of Canada. 3. Great Salt Lake. is shallow, salt lake. Refers to an endorheic basin. 4. Upper lake. The lake is deep. 5. Lake Athabasca Located in Canada. 6. Lake Winnipeg Shallow lake. Located in Canada. 7. Lake Huron Located on the US-Canadian border. 8. Lake Managua. Shallow lake. Located in Nicaragua. 9. Lake Michigan Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 10. Lake Nicaragua. Territory of Nicaragua. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 11. Lake Ontario. Located on the US-Canadian border. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 12. Lake Erie. Located on the US-Canadian border. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 13. Deer Lake. Territory of Canada. Refers to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. And on the territory South America there are the following lakes: 1. Lake Argentino. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 2. Lake Buenos Aires. Located on the border of Chile and Argentina. This is a deep water lake. 3. Lake Lagoa Mirin. Located on the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. Shallow lake. 4. Lake Poopo. Refers to an endorheic basin. Shallow lake. 5. Lake Titicaca Located on the Bolivian-Peruvian border. Most of the lakes are located on the territory of the continents, but there are lakes located on the islands. These include: 1. Loch Neagh. Located on the island of Ireland. Shallow lake. Refers to the Atlantic Ocean. 2. Loch Ness. It is part of the channel, located on the island of Great Britain. Deep water lake. Territory of Scotland. 3. Lake Toba. Located on the island of Sumatra. Territory of Indonesia. Lakes must be classified not only geographically, but also geologically. By origin, natural and artificial lakes can be distinguished. Natural lakes are divided into ground and underground. Ground natural lakes should be divided into the following types: glacial lakes, moraine lakes, river lakes, coastal lakes, mountain lakes, crater lakes, tectonic lakes, dammed lakes, floodplain lakes and failed lakes. Mountain lakes include, for example, Lake Karakul, Lake Kukunor, Lake Nam-Tso, Lake Ritsa and Lake Titicaca. To the lakes tectonic origin include such lakes as Baikal, Balaton, Lago Maggiore, Managua, Nicaragua, Prespa, Saima, Sasykkol, Tengiz and others. And the lakes glacial origin are such lakes as Lake Constance, Lake Kubenskoye, Lake Buenos Aires, Loch Ness, Seliger, Deer Lake, Lake Peipsi and others. In addition to natural lakes, there are also artificial lakes in the world. For example, Lake Aydarkul. In the ecological direction, two types of lakes can be distinguished: 1. Lakes that are part of specially protected natural areas. 2. Lakes that are not part of specially protected natural areas. For example, National parks are located on the shores of such lakes as Lake Ladoga, Lake Arkhentino, Lake Baikal, Lake Venern, Lake Pyayanne, Lake Sevan, Lake Torrens, Lake Khubsugul, Lake Shkoder. The lakes on the shores of which there are reserves include: Lake Constance, Kronotsky lake, Lake Baikal, Lake Baskunchak, Lake Taimyr, Lake Tengiz, Lake Khanka, Lake Shkoder, Lake Teletskoye and others. Ecologically, lakes can also be classified in relation to fishing, as there are lakes in the world where fishing is prohibited and lakes where fishing is not prohibited. In cultural terms, lakes can be distinguished, which are the object of world heritage UNESCO, and lakes that are not a UNESCO World Heritage Site. For example, lakes such as Kronotskoye Lake, Kurile Lake, Lake Baikal and Lake Ohrid are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Regarding the names of lakes, it should be noted that most of the lakes have the same name. But in the world there are lakes that have two or more names. For example, lakes with two names include such lakes as Lake Murten (second name - Mora), Lake Albert (second name - Nyantsa), Lake Lagoa-Mirin (second name - Laguna-Merin), Lake Nam-Tso (second name - Tengri-Nur), lake Ubsu-Nur (second name - Uvs-Nuur). And Lake Kukunor, located in China, has three names: the second name is Qinghai, the third name is Tso Ngonpo. Lakes can be classified into historical. Lakes can be divided into types according to the time of their discovery, as well as in relation to their discoverer. There are lakes in the world, on the banks of which military operations took place. For example: 1. Lake Balaton (in March 1945, the Balaton operation took place on the shore of this lake, during which this area was liberated from the German fascists). 2. Lake Sevan (in 921, the Battle of Sevan took place here, during which the Armenians defeated the Arab army). 3. Lake Trasimene (in 217 BC, there was a battle between the Carthaginians and the Romans on the shore of this lake). 4. Lake Peipus-Pskovskoye (on the shore of this lake there was Battle on the Ice April 5, 1242). It is logical that there are also lakes in the world, on the banks of which no military operations took place. In astronomical terms, terrestrial and extraterrestrial lakes can be distinguished. Extraterrestrial lakes are lakes located outside the Earth. Lakes should also be classified politically, since there are lakes in the world that are located on disputed territory, and lakes that are not in the disputed territory. In legal terms, lakes can be classified in relation to states, subjects of states and municipalities on whose territory this or that lake is located. There are lakes in the world that are located on the territory of one state, one subject of the state or one municipality. I must say that most of these lakes. For example, Lake Van is located in Turkey. Lakes located on the territory of one state should be called intrastate, since they are located within a country. Lakes located on the border of two or more states should be called international. There are enough lakes in the world that are located on the border of two states. For example, Lake Peipsi-Pskovskoye is located on the Russian-Estonian border. To the lakes located on border of three states, can be attributed African lake Victoria, which is located on the border of Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya. On the border of four states is Lake Chad. There is a lake in the world that washes two parts of the world: Europe and Asia. This is the largest lake in the world in terms of area - the Caspian Sea, which washes the shores of five states: Kazakhstan, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia and Turkmenistan. This lake is deep-sea, salty. I propose: 1. Consider Lake Michigan and Lake Huron one lake. 2. Lake Huron and Lake Michigan should be lakes of the second order. I want to note that you, Dear readers, are not obliged to agree with my above suggestions. As people say, my job is to propose, your job is to think.
The Okavango River flows on the African continent through Angola, Namibia and Botswana. It's interesting because it doesn't go anywhere. For 1,600 kilometers, it carries its waters not to the ocean, sea or lake. The Okavango forms a vast delta, spilling over the surrounding area and dissolving into the swamp. It is also interesting that this swampy lowland is located in the northwest of the Kalahari Desert. Incredible combination of swamp and desert. The Okavango Delta is the largest inland delta in the world. View of it from a height is striking in its beauty and eccentricity.
Okavango originates in the mountains of Angola, but in this country it is called Cubango. Further, it flows to the southeast and, reaching the Makgadikgadi depression in the territory of Botswana, overflows, forming a vast swamp. Scientists believe that even 10,000 years ago, the Okavango River had a completely ordinary delta, flowing into ancient lake Makgadikgadi. But over time, this reservoir dried up, leaving behind several salt lakes that exist only during the rainy season and for a short time after it. And the Okavango still carries its waters in the usual direction, only there is nowhere for it to flow - the desert is all around. The Kalahari Desert.
Kalahari - largest desert Africa south of the equator. Its area is already 600,000 square kilometers, and it continues to grow. Contrary to popular belief, deserts are not only hot sands and lack of rain. Deserts include territories in which the annual precipitation does not exceed 250-300 millimeters, and this amount is much less than the moisture consumed for evaporation. That is, it can even rain there, as, for example, in the Kalahari, where the rainy season begins in summer. The fauna of this desert is quite diverse. In addition to lizards and snakes, lions, cheetahs, leopards, rhinos, giraffes, antelopes and zebras live here. But greatest variety reaches animal world in the swamps that form the Okavango.
The Okavango Delta is not only unusual geographical feature but also a unique biosystem. In these impenetrable swamps, hundreds of species of various animals, including very rare and unusual ones, wonderfully settled down. Thanks to the swamp, dense thickets of papyrus and water lilies, this region has been preserved almost in its original form. There are few people here locals, tourists and photographers. They move here only on narrow small boats, otherwise it is simply impossible to get through the thickets of reeds. Interesting ungulates that have adapted to life in swamps live here: sitatunga antelope, marsh goats, red lychees. There are also lions and cheetahs that are accustomed to swamp life. In the Okavango Delta, the world of near-water birds is very rich and diverse.
And all this magnificent diversity on the edge of the desert is possible only thanks to the Okavango, an amazing river that dissolves into the sand, giving life.
The area of the Red Sea is 450,000 km², almost 2/3 of the sea lies in the tropical zone.
Volume - 251,000 km³.
According to various estimates, the length (in the direction north - south) ranges from 1932 to 2350 km, width - from 305 to 360 km. The coasts are slightly indented, their outlines are mainly predetermined by normal fault tectonics and almost along their entire length, eastern and western shores are parallel to each other.
In the bottom topography, the following stand out: a coastal shallow (up to a depth of 200 m), the widest in the southern part of the sea, with numerous coral and bedrock islands; so-called main trough- a narrow depression that occupies most of the seabed, on average to a depth of 1000 m; axial trough - a narrow and deep groove, as if cut into the main trough, with maximum depth, according to various sources, from 2604 to 3040 meters. Average depth sea is 437 m.
There are few islands in the northern part of the sea (for example: Tiran Island) and only south of 17 ° N. sh. several groups were formed with numerous islands: the Dahlak archipelago in the southwestern part of the sea is the largest, and the Farasan, Suakin, Khanish archipelagos are smaller. There are also separate islands - for example, Kamaran.
In the north of the sea there are two gulfs: Suez and Aqaba, which connects to the Red Sea through the al-Tiran Strait. A fault passes along the Gulf of Aqaba, so the depth of this bay reaches large values (up to 1800 meters).
The peculiarity of the Red Sea is that not a single river flows into it, and rivers usually carry silt and sand with them, significantly reducing transparency. sea water. Therefore, the water in the Red Sea is crystal clear.
The Red Sea is the saltiest sea in the world's oceans. 1 liter of water contains 41 g of salts (in open ocean- 34 g, in the Black Sea - 18, in the Baltic - only 5 grams of salt per liter of water). During the year, no more than 100 mm of precipitation falls over the sea (and even then not everywhere and exclusively in the winter months), while it evaporates 20 times more - 2000 mm in the same time (this means that every day more than half a centimeter evaporates from the sea surface water). With the complete absence of water supply from land, this water deficit in the sea is compensated only by the supply of water from Gulf of Aden. In the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, there are simultaneously currents entering the Red Sea and leaving it. Almost 1000 km³ more water is brought into the sea every year than is taken out of it. It takes only 15 years for a complete water exchange in the Red Sea.
In 1886, during an expedition on the Russian corvette "Vityaz" in the Red Sea, at a depth of 600 meters, waters with an abnormally high temperature were discovered: 21. The Swedish ship "Albatross" in 1948 also discovered similar waters, moreover, with abnormally high salinity. Finally, the presence of hot metal-bearing brines on great depths in the Red Sea was established in 1964 by an expedition on the American ship Discovery, when the water temperature from a depth of 2.2 km was 44 ° C, and its salinity was 261 grams per liter. By 1980, 15 places were discovered at the bottom of the Red Sea with similar waters, which, together with the adjacent bottom sediments highly enriched in metals :33 .
Geological structure and bottom topography
The Red Sea is very young. Its formation began about 25 million years ago, when a crack appeared in the earth's crust and the East African Rift Valley formed. Under the action of centrifugal force, due to the rotation of the Earth, the African plate separated from the Arabian one, and their turn with the formation of a "spiral" twisting to the northeast, and between them a hole formed in the earth's crust, which gradually, over thousands of years, was filled sea water. The plates are constantly moving - the relatively flat shores of the Red Sea diverge in different directions at a rate of 1 cm per year, or 1 m per century (Kendall F. Haven says that at this rate of expansion, in the next 200 million years, the Red Sea will become as wide as the Atlantic Ocean) - but also at different speeds relative to each other: the movement of the African plate was very slow, while the Arabian plate moved much faster and as a result, the Somali plate began to move east. The spiral movement of the Arabian Plate led to the locking of part vast ocean Tethys, washing Africa, and subsequently the formation of the Mediterranean Sea. This is confirmed by the fact that the rocks and minerals characteristic of mediterranean sea, are also found in Krasnoe. And further rotation of the Arabian and Somali plates opened a strait in the south, into which the waters of the Indian Ocean poured, eventually leading to the formation of the Gulf of Aden. The movement of continental plates continued to affect the terrain. To the south, a large segment that broke away from the Arabian Plate eventually closed the gap that formed between the African and Somali plates. The sea dried up here, and a valley formed, known as the "triangle Afar". This region, peculiar in the geological sense, has given scientists a lot of information about the history of the planet and the evolution of mankind. The lowest segment of the "Afar Triangle" is currently slowly submerging under water and eventually will again be below sea level.
The changes, of course, affected not only this local area of the earth's surface. The shift of the Syrian-African fault to the north led to the formation of the Suez Bay. The Arabian and African plates continued to move from different speeds(This difference in speeds was due to the different distance of the plates from the axis of rotation). The inevitable friction between the plates created another valley, much like the bed of the Red Sea. This fault starts from the Strait of Tiran and goes further north to the Gulf of Eilat, as well as the valleys in which the Dead Sea and the Arava lie. end point these valleys - Syria. Incessant tectonic activity shifted the Bay of Suez to the north - towards the Mediterranean Sea. Human intervention completed this process in 1869 with the opening of the Suez Canal. The waters of the Mediterranean Sea flowed into the Red Sea, and the migration of underwater flora and fauna began in both directions.
Hydrological regime
The Red Sea is the only body of water on Earth that does not flow into any river.
strong fumes warm water turned the Red Sea into one of the saltiest on the globe: 38-42 grams of salt per liter.
There is an intensive water exchange between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. in winter in Indian Ocean the Southwest Monsoon Current is established, starting in the Bay of Bengal, turning into Western current, which forks, and one branch goes north into the Red Sea. In summer, the monsoon current, which begins off the coast of Africa, is joined by a current from the Red Sea in the Gulf of Aden. In addition, there are deep water masses in the Indian Ocean, formed by dense waters flowing from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Deeper than 3.5-4 thousand meters, bottom water masses are common, formed from Antarctic supercooled and dense salt water Red Sea and Persian Gulf. .
Climate
The climate on the coast of almost the entire Red Sea is tropical desert, and only Far North belongs to the Mediterranean climate. The air temperature in the coldest period (December-January) during the day is +20-25 °C, and in the hottest month - August, it exceeds +35-40 °C and even sometimes reaches +50 °C. Due to the hot climate off the coast
Rivers are picturesque arteries through which the blood of the earth flows. From the very beginning of human history, people have tried to set up settlements and build houses in the coastal zone. Water gave them life. Here they watered the cattle, bathed and cultivated the land. IN Ancient Rus' rivers were called "God's roads."
Both in winter and in summer they had their own, strategically importance. In the warm season, merchant ships glided along large waterways, and in winter, when the surface of the reservoir was covered with ice, merchants transported their goods on sledges right across the ice.
Just as blood is important for the human body, so is it necessary for the vital activity of nature. fresh water. Rivers are the main element of the blue planet Earth. As you know, each of them has its own beginning - the source.
Where do they flow from?
Almost all rivers have a different source: somewhere the seething stream begins from a small source, somewhere - from huge waterfall, some rivers are born as a result of snow caps. Such waters are called mountain streams. They are distinguished by their high speed and low temperature, their current can easily carry away even huge blocks of stone. Such rivers are dangerous and unpredictable.
In fact, each begins with its own drainage basin, which, in turn, is fed by many sources. In the spring, during the melting of snow and ice, the rivers are regularly replenished with new water and become more full-flowing, as a result of which they sometimes even overflow. This could be a big problem for residents. coastal zone. As a result of such spills, farmers can lose their crops, and houses built near the river will get wet and collapse.
Rivers and their course
The Blue Highways form a giant water grid on the surface of the earth. There are more than 2 million rivers in Russia, 200 of which are quite large. Even able to swim through them huge ships. The more modest ones barely cover their muddy bottom. As you know, it forms a valley and forms wide bends in it. Each channel is unique, it has its own slope, individual width and course. Each " blue ribbon”has its own beginning, its own character and activity. The flora and fauna of the rivers are often similar due to the presence of fresh water.
Where do rivers flow and where do they end?
In summer, when the temperature rises and the evaporation of moisture increases many times, the sources of the rivers become shallow, and the water flows themselves narrow somewhat. After the spring melting of the ice, the river returns to its original course to flow further towards its end. Wherever the currents of the rivers go! They flow into oceans, lakes, seas, and other rivers. It is generally accepted that they flow from a hill, heading down.
If we take into account the water flows of Russia, then most of them carry their waters to the Northern Arctic Ocean, and only a few - to the Atlantic. In the place where the river flows into the sea, the water is desalinated, thanks to which some species of living beings were able to adapt to life in fresh water.
Volga - the largest water artery
This is one of the most picturesque and big rivers not only countries, but also Europe. It stretches for almost 4,000 kilometers. So, where does it flow? Taking its beginning in the Tver region, it travels along a winding route, is divided into many branches and flows into the Caspian Sea. This amazing river has about 200 tributaries, the largest of which are the Oka and Kama. It is worth mentioning that some rivers flow into endorheic lakes, where their violent activity ends.
Current direction
How can you tell where a river flows in your area? In fact, everything is extremely simple. You don't have to be a geologist to understand where rivers flow. First of all, you need to pick up a map and find the desired water stream on it. If the reservoir is marked on the drawing, then the direction of its channel will be clearly indicated by a blue arrow. It happens that this needs to be determined, being in nature without a map. What to do in this case? Looking closely, you can see in which direction the current is moving.
Where in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres? Both in the first and in the second case they flow towards their mouths. Curious to know what the difference is? Their currents are directed towards opposite sides. This is regulated not only by the position of the equator, but also by the terrain. For example, it can be said with certainty that the source is invariably located significantly higher than the mouth, so the water mass, obeying the physical law gravity flows from top to bottom.
Unique water streams
The question of where and where the rivers flow, people asked even at the dawn of human history. Since then, their eyes have repeatedly opened amazing and unusual natural phenomena. Rivers that can change are a vivid example of this. Previously, people explained this by the intervention of the gods and interpreted it in their own way, perceiving such changes as signs from above. With the advent of new technologies, it became obvious that there really are reservoirs where the mouth and source sometimes change places, but modern scientists have found a more logical explanation for this.
It turned out that the main factor provoking a change in the flow was groundwater. When the water level in them begins to fluctuate, this affects the surface flow. Sometimes it is difficult to understand the world around us: where do rivers flow, why do certain phenomena occur? However, it is worth remembering that there is nothing meaningless in nature, everything is created for a specific purpose and functions properly, supporting the life of every living being.
Practice shows that despite the fact that we live in an age of technology and universal technical progress, the purpose of the water arteries of the earth has not changed, although the reservoirs themselves have become the subject of careful study and scientific experiments. In recent decades, scientists have been absorbed in studying the structure and molecules of water. Their research proves that this unique liquid is incomparable to any other, it is truly alive! Where do rivers flow? The world and nature gave comprehensive answers to this and many other questions.
Reservoirs are natural or artificial accumulations of water that can be of a permanent or temporary nature, have a decorative purpose and be arranged in parks and gardens. The flow of water bodies is slow or absent.
Rivers are classified as watercourses because they have a constant, sometimes strong, current.
Natural water bodies: lakes
Lake - part of the water shell of the earth, formed in depressions of various origins. Lakes are salt and fresh water bodies. The science of limnology studies them, which claims that they are not part of the oceans. Often these reservoirs are salty. This is due to the fact that the process of accumulation of minerals takes place in them. The reason is the low level of runoff and water exchange. Bottom sediments accumulate at the bottom of lakes.
The main classification is based on the shape and origin of the basins. The most common of them are tectonic, formed in the faults of the earth's crust. lakes volcanic type formed in craters extinct volcanoes, mostly in the mountains. Dams are formed in places where a fragment of a mountain blocked the path of the river. Due to dissolution rocks are formed in mountainous areas Alps, Caucasus, Urals formed glacial reservoirs. These lakes are formed by the activity of the glacier.
What is a pond?
A pond is a reservoir of natural or artificial origin. It is created in order to conserve water, water the surrounding areas, and breed fish. The natural pond is a small lake.
An artificial pond often functions as a reservoir. They form it by blocking the path of the river and forming a dam. Nutrition artificial pond mainly comes from groundwater or
Ponds are fresh water bodies. To simplify the outflow of excess water, artificial drains are formed. Ponds are often found in rural areas. Here they have a certain economic role - breeding fish, storing water for irrigation, sometimes washing.
There are two types of ponds: dug and dam. Inhabitants of reservoirs - protozoa, algae, fish. They create special ponds for breeding valuable fish species - trout, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon. Reservoirs are specially cleaned, they form their own ecosystem in them.
Importance of reservoirs
Reservoirs are artificial reservoirs formed to store water on an industrial scale. Allocate channel and lake reservoirs, depending on the origin. They can also be covered, open and dammed.
The world's largest Rybinsk - in Russia, Smallwood - in Canada, Nasser - in Egypt and Sudan. The creation of such reservoirs has huge consequences, but not always positive ones. The main one is a radical change in the landscape. This applies to both fauna and flora. They have a negative impact on the conditions for spawning fish.
Not the best consequence of the creation of such reservoirs is the silting of reservoirs. The process is the formation of large sediments, sediment at the bottom. while decreasing. This process has been studied in detail because it harms the ecosystem. Inhabitants of reservoirs at the same time can change.
Where do old people come from?
The oxbow lakes, as natural reservoirs, are part of the channel where the river used to flow. Another name is old river. Such reservoirs often have a bizarre shape - a sickle or crescent, a loop, a curl. How are old people formed? The formation process occurs when, due to any reason, the channel straightens, and the former curl or curvature remains cut off from the main reservoir. main reason- high water, when the river finds a more convenient way.
Sometimes the bends of one river unite - this is how oxbow lakes can also form. This process takes place when there is a large number sleeves. The entrances to the oxbow lake are gradually filled with silt, and the reservoir itself turns into a lake or swamp. In the presence of power, it can function, in the absence - to dry out. The largest oxbow lakes can be over 500 meters long.
What do ponds feed on?
The type of food is one of the main characteristics of a reservoir. It can characterize its structure and functions.
How can ponds be fed? Firstly, external surface runoff - rain, other hydro facilities. Secondly, which can come close to the surface. Thirdly, artificially - the basin of the reservoir is filled forcibly. Fourthly, replenishment with waters of the combined type.
Groundwater supply is the most environmentally friendly because it is clean. If the lake has such a supply, then duckweed and ooze will form less often in it. The most common type of food is combined.
The guarantee of constant filling with water is the forced implementation of this process. Fill the reservoir with either tap or irrigation water. The most frequent meals are combined. Its sources can be rain, melted snow, groundwater and much more.
Reservoirs and their location on the ground
Reservoirs are hydro facilities located in a certain area. Where can they form? Places of formation, for example, lakes, can be. A reservoir can be dammed or dug. The food is usually supplied from the river. Slope, watershed, floodplain reservoirs are formed on the relief. In such cases, the relief of the lake or pond is clearly visible.
In the floodplain, reservoirs are formed with underground feeding, combined, channel. They can be formed in the oxbow lake, where the locks are installed. A dam and pumps can also be located here in order to use such a reservoir in industry.
Slope reservoirs are formed on the territory of river valley terraces. They differ from others only in some design features.
Dividing ponds are arranged in watershed areas. They can feed on groundwater or artificially. Forced water can be supplied from a river, a well.
There are also reservoirs in embankments or recesses. They are quite widespread, they are easy to form and organize their food. They can be of any size. They are quite expensive to build.
In embankments, reservoirs serve mainly to store water. Such an object can become the basis for a hydroelectric power station.
Creation of a decorative reservoir
Decorative pond - what is it? This is an artificial water object that performs the function of decorating the site, forming its complete look. Most often, the owners of private houses and summer cottages come to the idea of creating a decorative reservoir.
Artificial ponds are beautiful and stylish. What do you need to know to successfully create such a site decoration?
Creating a pond with your own hands is a feasible task for everyone. Form, design of such cozy corner gardens can be very diverse. An artificial pond will perfectly fit into any landscape, it can become its constructive dominant.
To get started, choose a place not very close to home (it is better to consult with experts landscape design). Close proximity to the house can harm the foundation.
You need to create a project. To do this, determine the shape of the reservoir: an oval, a rectangle or an intricate figure. The project will allow you to determine the costs, materials, location of filtration systems. Next, you should choose high-quality materials - the durability and beauty of the pond depend on them.
When everything is selected and purchased, proceed. Preferably not by yourself, but with the help of qualified specialists. The final stage is the design of plants. This will complete the image of the perfect pond. You will get a chic pond - the photo below represents one of the possible options for your garden.
Conclusion
Reservoirs, natural or artificial, are functional but can also be the perfect, beautiful addition to your garden design.
An aesthetic pond near your home will allow you to express your individuality and emphasize the style of the garden. Especially popular is the creation of such elements in the Japanese, classical, rustic style. The main thing is to correctly arrange the pond. Sometimes fish live in such reservoirs. The presence of the inhabitants of such miniature lakes is a matter of taste for the owners of the garden.
